Chapter-7-Systems-theory.1英.ppt

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1、Chapter 7 Systems theoryOutline of the chapterKey conceptsPolysystem theoryToury and descriptive translation studies(DTS)Chestermans translation normsOther models of DTSPolysystem theoryPolysystem theory was developed in the 1970s by the Israeli scholar Itamar Even-Zohar borrowing ideas from the Rus

2、sian Formalists of the 1920s.Definition of polysystemThe polysystem is conceived as a heterogeneous,hierarchized conglomerate(or system)of system which interact to bring about an ongoing,dynamic process of evolution within the polysystem as a whole.Three major cases when translated literature occupi

3、es the primary position1.when a“young”literature is being established and looks initially to“older”literatures for ready-made models.2.when a literature is“peripheral”or“weak”and imports those literary types which it is lacking.3.when there is a critical turning point in literary history at which es

4、tablished models are no longer considered sufficient,or when there is a vacuum in the literature of the country.Where no type holds sway,it is easier for foreign models to assume primacy.Translation strategies influenced by the position occupied by translated literature1.adequate translation(异化）2.no

5、n-adequate translation（归化）Genztlers criticism on polysystem theory1.the advantages of polysystem theory2.criticisms of polysystem theoryToury and descriptive translation studies(DTS)prescriptive translation studies（PTS)and descriptive translation studies(DTS)PTS指译者对自己的实践经验加以总结，形指译者对自己的实践经验加以总结，形成一些规

6、则和理论用以指导翻译实践，而成一些规则和理论用以指导翻译实践，而DTS就是把翻译放到政治、经济、文化中就是把翻译放到政治、经济、文化中去研究，去研究，DTS从宏观的角度研究翻译，它从宏观的角度研究翻译，它试图探讨翻译在社会上所发挥的作用和要试图探讨翻译在社会上所发挥的作用和要达到的目的。达到的目的。Holmess map of translation studies(from Toury)Translation studiespureappliedtheoreticaldescriptiveSignificance of DTSThree-phase methodology for syste

7、matic DTS1.Situate the text within the target culture system,looking at its significance and acceptability.2.Compare the ST and TT for shifts,identifying relationships between“coupled pairs”of ST and TT segments,and attempting generalization about the underlying concept of translation.3.Draw implica

8、tions for decision-making in future translating.The concept of norms of translationThe definition of“norms”The translation of general values or ideas shared by a community as to what is right or wrong,adequate or inadequateinto performance instructions appropriate for and applicable to particular si

9、tuations.“norms”are constructed from two types of sources1.from the examination of texts,the products of norm-governed activity.(来自篇章内）2.from the explicit statements made about norms by translators,publishers,reviewers and other participants in translation act.（来自篇章外）Three types of“norms”1.initial n

10、orm(首要规范）2.preliminary norms(初步规范）3.operational norms(操作规范）The notion of“equivalence”proposed by TouryLaws of translation1.The law of growing standardization2.The law of interference(介入)In translation,textual relations are often modified,or sometimes even being ignored in favour of habitual options.

11、(disruption of the ST patterns and selection of common linguistic options of TL)TL-oriented Sees interference from ST to TT as a kind of default.Toury considers tolerance of interference to depend on Sociocultural factors;And the prestige of the different literary systems.ST linguistic features bein

12、g copied in the TTST-orientedTourys model in actionConjoint phrase ableBinomial 相近词 e.g.Near-synonym talented HediscussesthesignificanceofthephrasesinHebrewliterature,indicatingthattheiruseisprevalentinoldwrittenHebrewtexts.Butsuchpreferencehasdeclined.However,Tourysuggeststhatuthe number of such ph

13、rases in HebrewtranslationsishigherthaninHebrewSTsuand translations also contain more newlycoined or“free”combinations rather thanfixedphrases.Frequent use of conjoint phrases,particularly in place of single lexical items in the ST,may represent a universal of translation into systems which are youn

14、g,or otherwise“weak”.This claim might be tested in future.The consideration of translated literature as part of a hierarchical system shows the way DTS interlinks with polysystem theory.The generalization Translation of Mark Twains Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court Deliberate use of frequent

15、conjoint phrases in Hebrew to create a parodistic air of“stylistic archaism(文体守旧性)”Application Discussion of Tourys workConsProsInfluence An important step towards setting firm foundations for future descriptive work.Four important impacts on translation studies listed by Gentzler.(P117)Herman(overl

16、oking)Gentzler(generalize or even overgeneralize)Whether the translators decision-making really is sufficiently patterned as to be universalized.The two laws are to some extent contradictory.Confusion of adequate and acceptableNot fully objective or replicable.Chestermans translation normsHe states

17、that all norms exert a prescriptive pressure.The two norms he proposes Product or expectancy norms (产品或期待规范)1.the accountabilty norm Professional norms （责任规范、（责任规范、ethical）(职业规范)2.the communication norm （交际规范、（交际规范、social）3.the relation norm （关系规范、（关系规范、linguisitic）Lambert,van Gorp,and the Manipulat

18、ion School(操纵学派)Publication of The Manipulation of Literature:Studies in Literary TranslationLambert and van Gorp divide the scheme into four sections:Preliminary data(初始数据初始数据)Macro-level(宏观数据宏观数据)Micro-level(微观数据微观数据)Systemic context(系统语境系统语境)Points of view of Lambert and van Gorp They accept that

19、 it is impossible to summarize all relationships involved in the activity of translation but suggest a systemic scheme that avoids superficial and intuitive commentaries and a priori judgments and convictions.They stress the link between the individual case study and the wider theoretical framework.Influence DTS has moved on since the paper was written.Other scholarsAndre Lefevere moved away from polysystem terminology to consider the role of ideology and patronage in the system of translated literature.Pointers given by Hermans.(P121)