Fox.and.McDonald's.Introduction.to.Fluid.Mechanics,.Pritchard,.LEYLEGIAN,.8ed,.Wiley,.2011.PDF
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4、unt Manager.Personal training andimplementation support.+ and McDonaldsINTRODUCTIONTOFLUIDMECHANICSEIGHTH EDITIONPHILIP J.PRITCHARDManhattan CollegeWith special contributions from:JOHN C.LEYLEGIANManhattan CollegeJOHN WILEY&SONS,INC.VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLISHERDon FowleyASSOCIATE PUBLISHER
5、Daniel SayreAQUISITIONS EDITORJennifer WelterEDITORIAL ASSISTANTAlexandra SpicehandlerMARKETING MANAGERChristopher RuelMEDIA EDITORElena Santa MariaCREATIVE DIRECTORHarold NolanSENIOR DESIGNERKevin MurphySENIOR ILLUSTRATION EDITORAnna MelhornPHOTO EDITORSheena GoldsteinPRODUCTION MANAGERDorothy Sinc
6、lairSENIOR PRODUCTION EDITORTrish McFaddenPRODUCTION MANAGEMENT SERVICESMPS Limited,A Macmillan CompanyCOVER DESIGNWendy LaiCOVER PHOTOrsupertramp/iStockphotoCFD simulation image courtesy ofSymscape at CHAPTER OPENING PHOTODr.Charles ONeill,Oklahoma State UniversityThis book was set in Times Roman b
7、y MPS Limited,A Macmillan Company and printed and bound by R.R.Donnelley-JC.The coverwas printed by R.R.Donnelley-JC.This book is printed on acid-free paper.Copyright r 2011 John Wiley&Sons,Inc.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrievalsystem or transmitt
8、ed in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,or otherwise,exceptas permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act,without either the prior written permission of thePublisher,or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-c
9、opy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center,Inc.,222 RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA 01923,(978)750-8400,fax(978)750-4470 or on the web at .Requests to the Publisher forpermission should be addressed to the Permissions Department,John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,111 River Street,Hoboken,NJ 07030-5774,(201)748-6011,fax(2
10、01)748-6008,or online at http:/ copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only,for use in their courses duringthe next academic year.These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party.Upon completion of the reviewperiod,please return
11、the evaluation copy to Wiley.Return instructions and a free of charge return shipping label are available of the United States,please contact your local representative.ISBN-139780470547557ISBN-100470547553Printed in the United States of America10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION/11.1No
12、te to Students/31.2Scope of Fluid Mechanics/41.3Definition of a Fluid/41.4Basic Equations/51.5Methods of Analysis/6System and Control Volume/7Differential versus Integral Approach/8Methods of Description/91.6Dimensions and Units/11Systems of Dimensions/11Systems of Units/11Preferred Systems of Units
13、/13Dimensional Consistency and“Engineering”Equations/141.7Analysis of Experimental Error/151.8Summary/16Problems/17CHAPTER 2FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS/202.1Fluid as a Continuum/212.2Velocity Field/23One-,Two-,and Three-Dimensional Flows/24Timelines,Pathlines,Streaklines,and Streamlines/252.3Stress Field/2
14、92.4Viscosity/31Newtonian Fluid/32Non-Newtonian Fluids/342.5Surface Tension/362.6Description and Classification of Fluid Motions/38Viscous and Inviscid Flows/38Laminar and Turbulent Flows/41Compressible and Incompressible Flows/42Internal and External Flows/432.7Summary and Useful Equations/44vRefer
15、ences/46Problems/46CHAPTER 3FLUID STATICS/553.1The Basic Equation of Fluid Statics/563.2The Standard Atmosphere/603.3Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid/61Incompressible Liquids:Manometers/61Gases/663.4Hydraulic Systems/693.5Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces/69Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Sub
16、merged Surface/69Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Submerged Surface/76*3.6Buoyancy and Stability/803.7Fluids in Rigid-Body Motion(on the Web)/W-13.8Summary and Useful Equations/83References/84Problems/84CHAPTER 4BASIC EQUATIONS IN INTEGRAL FORM FOR A CONTROL VOLUME/964.1Basic Laws for a System/98Conser
17、vation of Mass/98Newtons Second Law/98The Angular-Momentum Principle/99The First Law of Thermodynamics/99The Second Law of Thermodynamics/994.2Relation of System Derivatives to the Control Volume Formulation/100Derivation/101Physical Interpretation/1034.3Conservation of Mass/104Special Cases/1054.4M
18、omentum Equation for Inertial Control Volume/110*Differential Control Volume Analysis/122Control Volume Moving with Constant Velocity/1264.5Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Rectilinear Acceleration/1284.6Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Arbitrary Acceleration(on the Web)/W-6*4.7The
19、 Angular-Momentum Principle/135Equation for Fixed Control Volume/135Equation for Rotating Control Volume(on the Web)/W-114.8The First Law of Thermodynamics/139Rate of Work Done by a Control Volume/140Control Volume Equation/1424.9The Second Law of Thermodynamics/1464.10Summary and Useful Equations/1
20、47Problems/149CHAPTER 5INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID MOTION/1715.1Conservation of Mass/172Rectangular Coordinate System/173Cylindrical Coordinate System/177*5.2Stream Function for Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flow/1805.3Motion of a Fluid Particle(Kinematics)/184Fluid Translation:A
21、cceleration of a Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field/185Fluid Rotation/190Fluid Deformation/1945.4Momentum Equation/197Forces Acting on a Fluid Particle/198Differential Momentum Equation/199Newtonian Fluid:Navier?Stokes Equations/199viContents*5.5Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics/208The Ne
22、ed for CFD/208Applications of CFD/209Some Basic CFD/Numerical Methods Using a Spreadsheet/210The Strategy of CFD/215Discretization Using the Finite-Difference Method/216Assembly of Discrete System and Application of Boundary Conditions/217Solution of Discrete System/218Grid Convergence/219Dealing wi
23、th Nonlinearity/220Direct and Iterative Solvers/221Iterative Convergence/222Concluding Remarks/2235.6Summary and Useful Equations/224References/226Problems/226CHAPTER 6INCOMPRESSIBLE INVISCID FLOW/2356.1Momentum Equation for Frictionless Flow:Eulers Equation/2376.2Eulers Equations in Streamline Coor
24、dinates/2386.3Bernoulli EquationIntegration of Eulers Equation Along a Streamline for Steady Flow/241*Derivation Using Streamline Coordinates/241*Derivation Using Rectangular Coordinates/242Static,Stagnation,and Dynamic Pressures/244Applications/247Cautions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation/2526.4The
25、 Bernoulli Equation Interpreted as an Energy Equation/2536.5Energy Grade Line and Hydraulic Grade Line/257*6.6Unsteady Bernoulli Equation:Integration of Eulers Equation Along a Streamline(on the Web)/W-16*6.7Irrotational Flow/259Bernoulli Equation Applied to Irrotational Flow/260Velocity Potential/2
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