Fox.and.McDonald's.Introduction.to.Fluid.Mechanics,.Pritchard,.LEYLEGIAN,.8ed,.Wiley,.2011.PDF

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4、unt Manager.Personal training andimplementation support.+ and McDonaldsINTRODUCTIONTOFLUIDMECHANICSEIGHTH EDITIONPHILIP J.PRITCHARDManhattan CollegeWith special contributions from:JOHN C.LEYLEGIANManhattan CollegeJOHN WILEY&SONS,INC.VICE PRESIDENT AND EXECUTIVE PUBLISHERDon FowleyASSOCIATE PUBLISHER

5、Daniel SayreAQUISITIONS EDITORJennifer WelterEDITORIAL ASSISTANTAlexandra SpicehandlerMARKETING MANAGERChristopher RuelMEDIA EDITORElena Santa MariaCREATIVE DIRECTORHarold NolanSENIOR DESIGNERKevin MurphySENIOR ILLUSTRATION EDITORAnna MelhornPHOTO EDITORSheena GoldsteinPRODUCTION MANAGERDorothy Sinc

6、lairSENIOR PRODUCTION EDITORTrish McFaddenPRODUCTION MANAGEMENT SERVICESMPS Limited,A Macmillan CompanyCOVER DESIGNWendy LaiCOVER PHOTOrsupertramp/iStockphotoCFD simulation image courtesy ofSymscape at CHAPTER OPENING PHOTODr.Charles ONeill,Oklahoma State UniversityThis book was set in Times Roman b

7、y MPS Limited,A Macmillan Company and printed and bound by R.R.Donnelley-JC.The coverwas printed by R.R.Donnelley-JC.This book is printed on acid-free paper.Copyright r 2011 John Wiley&Sons,Inc.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrievalsystem or transmitt

8、ed in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,or otherwise,exceptas permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act,without either the prior written permission of thePublisher,or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-c

9、opy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center,Inc.,222 RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA 01923,(978)750-8400,fax(978)750-4470 or on the web at .Requests to the Publisher forpermission should be addressed to the Permissions Department,John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,111 River Street,Hoboken,NJ 07030-5774,(201)748-6011,fax(2

10、01)748-6008,or online at http:/ copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only,for use in their courses duringthe next academic year.These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party.Upon completion of the reviewperiod,please return

11、the evaluation copy to Wiley.Return instructions and a free of charge return shipping label are available of the United States,please contact your local representative.ISBN-139780470547557ISBN-100470547553Printed in the United States of America10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION/11.1No

12、te to Students/31.2Scope of Fluid Mechanics/41.3Definition of a Fluid/41.4Basic Equations/51.5Methods of Analysis/6System and Control Volume/7Differential versus Integral Approach/8Methods of Description/91.6Dimensions and Units/11Systems of Dimensions/11Systems of Units/11Preferred Systems of Units

13、/13Dimensional Consistency and“Engineering”Equations/141.7Analysis of Experimental Error/151.8Summary/16Problems/17CHAPTER 2FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS/202.1Fluid as a Continuum/212.2Velocity Field/23One-,Two-,and Three-Dimensional Flows/24Timelines,Pathlines,Streaklines,and Streamlines/252.3Stress Field/2

14、92.4Viscosity/31Newtonian Fluid/32Non-Newtonian Fluids/342.5Surface Tension/362.6Description and Classification of Fluid Motions/38Viscous and Inviscid Flows/38Laminar and Turbulent Flows/41Compressible and Incompressible Flows/42Internal and External Flows/432.7Summary and Useful Equations/44vRefer

15、ences/46Problems/46CHAPTER 3FLUID STATICS/553.1The Basic Equation of Fluid Statics/563.2The Standard Atmosphere/603.3Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid/61Incompressible Liquids:Manometers/61Gases/663.4Hydraulic Systems/693.5Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces/69Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Sub

16、merged Surface/69Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Submerged Surface/76*3.6Buoyancy and Stability/803.7Fluids in Rigid-Body Motion(on the Web)/W-13.8Summary and Useful Equations/83References/84Problems/84CHAPTER 4BASIC EQUATIONS IN INTEGRAL FORM FOR A CONTROL VOLUME/964.1Basic Laws for a System/98Conser

17、vation of Mass/98Newtons Second Law/98The Angular-Momentum Principle/99The First Law of Thermodynamics/99The Second Law of Thermodynamics/994.2Relation of System Derivatives to the Control Volume Formulation/100Derivation/101Physical Interpretation/1034.3Conservation of Mass/104Special Cases/1054.4M

18、omentum Equation for Inertial Control Volume/110*Differential Control Volume Analysis/122Control Volume Moving with Constant Velocity/1264.5Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Rectilinear Acceleration/1284.6Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Arbitrary Acceleration(on the Web)/W-6*4.7The

19、 Angular-Momentum Principle/135Equation for Fixed Control Volume/135Equation for Rotating Control Volume(on the Web)/W-114.8The First Law of Thermodynamics/139Rate of Work Done by a Control Volume/140Control Volume Equation/1424.9The Second Law of Thermodynamics/1464.10Summary and Useful Equations/1

20、47Problems/149CHAPTER 5INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID MOTION/1715.1Conservation of Mass/172Rectangular Coordinate System/173Cylindrical Coordinate System/177*5.2Stream Function for Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flow/1805.3Motion of a Fluid Particle(Kinematics)/184Fluid Translation:A

21、cceleration of a Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field/185Fluid Rotation/190Fluid Deformation/1945.4Momentum Equation/197Forces Acting on a Fluid Particle/198Differential Momentum Equation/199Newtonian Fluid:Navier?Stokes Equations/199viContents*5.5Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics/208The Ne

22、ed for CFD/208Applications of CFD/209Some Basic CFD/Numerical Methods Using a Spreadsheet/210The Strategy of CFD/215Discretization Using the Finite-Difference Method/216Assembly of Discrete System and Application of Boundary Conditions/217Solution of Discrete System/218Grid Convergence/219Dealing wi

23、th Nonlinearity/220Direct and Iterative Solvers/221Iterative Convergence/222Concluding Remarks/2235.6Summary and Useful Equations/224References/226Problems/226CHAPTER 6INCOMPRESSIBLE INVISCID FLOW/2356.1Momentum Equation for Frictionless Flow:Eulers Equation/2376.2Eulers Equations in Streamline Coor

24、dinates/2386.3Bernoulli EquationIntegration of Eulers Equation Along a Streamline for Steady Flow/241*Derivation Using Streamline Coordinates/241*Derivation Using Rectangular Coordinates/242Static,Stagnation,and Dynamic Pressures/244Applications/247Cautions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation/2526.4The

25、 Bernoulli Equation Interpreted as an Energy Equation/2536.5Energy Grade Line and Hydraulic Grade Line/257*6.6Unsteady Bernoulli Equation:Integration of Eulers Equation Along a Streamline(on the Web)/W-16*6.7Irrotational Flow/259Bernoulli Equation Applied to Irrotational Flow/260Velocity Potential/2

26、61Stream Function and Velocity Potential for Two-Dimensional,Irrotational,Incompressible Flow:Laplaces Equation/262Elementary Plane Flows/264Superposition of Elementary Plane Flows/2676.8Summary and Useful Equations/276References/279Problems/279CHAPTER 7DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILITUDE/2907.1Nond

27、imensionalizing the Basic Differential Equations/2927.2Nature of Dimensional Analysis/2947.3Buckingham Pi Theorem/2967.4Determining the Groups/2977.5Significant Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics/3037.6Flow Similarity and Model Studies/305Incomplete Similarity/308Scaling with Multiple Dependent

28、 Parameters/314Comments on Model Testing/3177.7Summary and Useful Equations/318References/319Problems/320CHAPTER 8INTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW/3288.1Introduction/330Laminar versus Turbulent Flow/330The Entrance Region/331PART A.FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR FLOW/332Contentsvii8.2Fully Developed La

29、minar Flow between Infinite Parallel Plates/332Both Plates Stationary/332Upper Plate Moving with Constant Speed,U/3388.3Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Pipe/344PART B.FLOW IN PIPES AND DUCTS/3488.4Shear Stress Distribution in Fully Developed Pipe Flow/3498.5Turbulent Velocity Profiles in Fully Dev

30、eloped Pipe Flow/3518.6Energy Considerations in Pipe Flow/353Kinetic Energy Coefficient/355Head Loss/3558.7Calculation of Head Loss/357Major Losses:Friction Factor/357Minor Losses/361Pumps,Fans,and Blowers in Fluid Systems/367Noncircular Ducts/3688.8Solution of Pipe Flow Problems/369Single-Path Syst

31、ems/370*Multiple-Path Systems/383PART C.FLOW MEASUREMENT/3878.9Direct Methods/3878.10Restriction Flow Meters for Internal Flows/387The Orifice Plate/391The Flow Nozzle/391The Venturi/393The Laminar Flow Element/3948.11Linear Flow Meters/3978.12Traversing Methods/3998.13Summary and Useful Equations/4

32、00References/402Problems/403CHAPTER 9EXTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW/421PART A.BOUNDARY LAYERS/4239.1The Boundary-Layer Concept/4239.2Boundary-Layer Thicknesses/4259.3Laminar Flat-Plate Boundary Layer:Exact Solution(on the Web)/W-199.4Momentum Integral Equation/4289.5Use of the Momentum Integra

33、l Equation for Flow with Zero Pressure Gradient/433Laminar Flow/434Turbulent Flow/439Summary of Results for Boundary-Layer Flow with Zero Pressure Gradient/4419.6Pressure Gradients in Boundary-Layer Flow/442PART B.FLUID FLOW ABOUT IMMERSED BODIES/4459.7Drag/445Pure Friction Drag:Flow over a Flat Pla

34、te Parallel to the Flow/446Pure Pressure Drag:Flow over a Flat Plate Normal to the Flow/450Friction and Pressure Drag:Flow over a Sphere and Cylinder/450Streamlining/4569.8Lift/4599.9Summary and Useful Equations/474References/477Problems/478CHAPTER 10FLUID MACHINERY/49210.1Introduction and Classific

35、ation of Fluid Machines/494Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid/494Machines for Extracting Work(Power)from a Fluid/496Scope of Coverage/49810.2Turbomachinery Analysis/499The Angular-Momentum Principle:The Euler Turbomachine Equation/499Velocity Diagrams/501viiiContentsPerformance:Hydraulic Power/504Di

36、mensional Analysis and Specific Speed/50510.3Pumps,Fans,and Blowers/510Application of Euler Turbomachine Equation to Centrifugal Pumps/510Application of the Euler Equation to Axial Flow Pumps and Fans/512Performance Characteristics/516Similarity Rules/522Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head/526P

37、ump Selection:Applications to Fluid Systems/529Blowers and Fans/54110.4Positive Displacement Pumps/54810.5Hydraulic Turbines/552Hydraulic Turbine Theory/552Performance Characteristics for Hydraulic Turbines/554Sizing Hydraulic Turbines for Fluid Systems/55810.6Propellers and Wind-Power Machines/562P

38、ropellers/563Wind-Power Machines/57110.7Compressible Flow Turbomachines/581Application of the Energy Equation to a Compressible Flow Machine/581Compressors/582Compressible-Flow Turbines/58610.8Summary and Useful Equations/586References/589Problems/591CHAPTER 11FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS/60011.1Basic Conc

39、epts and Definitions/603Simplifying Assumptions/604Channel Geometry/605Speed of Surface Waves and the Froude Number/60611.2Energy Equation for Open-Channel Flows/610Specific Energy/613Critical Depth:Minimum Specific Energy/61611.3Localized Effect of Area Change(Frictionless Flow)/619Flow over a Bump

40、/62011.4The Hydraulic Jump/625Depth Increase Across a Hydraulic Jump/627Head Loss Across a Hydraulic Jump/62811.5Steady Uniform Flow/631The Manning Equation for Uniform Flow/633Energy Equation for Uniform Flow/639Optimum Channel Cross Section/64011.6Flow with Gradually Varying Depth/641Calculation o

41、f Surface Profiles/64311.7Discharge Measurement Using Weirs/646Suppressed Rectangular Weir/646Contracted Rectangular Weirs/647Triangular Weir/648Broad-Crested Weir/64811.8Summary and Useful Equations/650References/652Problems/653CHAPTER 12INTRODUCTION TO COMPRESSIBLE FLOW/65712.1Review of Thermodyna

42、mics/65912.2Propagation of Sound Waves/665Speed of Sound/665Types of FlowThe Mach Cone/67012.3Reference State:Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties/673Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties for the Flow of an Ideal Gas/674Contentsix12.4Critical Conditions/68112.5Summary and Useful Equations/681Refe

43、rences/683Problems/683CHAPTER 13COMPRESSIBLE FLOW/68913.1Basic Equations for One-Dimensional Compressible Flow/69113.2Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas:Area Variation/694Subsonic Flow,M,1/697Supersonic Flow,M.1/697Sonic Flow,M 5 1/698Reference Stagnation and Critical Conditions for Isentropic Flow of

44、an Ideal Gas/699Isentropic Flow in a Converging Nozzle/704Isentropic Flow in a Converging-Diverging Nozzle/70913.3Normal Shocks/715Basic Equations for a Normal Shock/716Fanno and Rayleigh Interpretation of Normal Shock/718Normal-Shock Flow Functions for One-Dimensional Flow of an Ideal Gas/71913.4Su

45、personic Channel Flow with Shocks/724Flow in a Converging-Diverging Nozzle/724Supersonic Diffuser(on the Web)/W-24Supersonic Wind Tunnel Operation(on the Web)/W-25Supersonic Flow with Friction in a Constant-Area Channel(on the Web)/W-26Supersonic Flow with Heat Addition in a Constant-Area Channel(on

46、 the Web)/W-2613.5Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Friction/727Basic Equations for Adiabatic Flow/727Adiabatic Flow:The Fanno Line/728Fanno-Line Flow Functions for One-Dimensional Flow of an Ideal Gas/732Isothermal Flow(on the Web)/W-2913.6Frictionless Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Heat Exchang

47、e/740Basic Equations for Flow with Heat Exchange/740The Rayleigh Line/741Rayleigh-Line Flow Functions for One-Dimensional Flow of an Ideal Gas/74613.7Oblique Shocks and Expansion Waves/750Oblique Shocks/750Isentropic Expansion Waves/75913.8Summary and Useful Equations/768References/771Problems/772AP

48、PENDIX AFLUID PROPERTY DATA/785APPENDIX BEQUATIONS OF MOTION IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES/798APPENDIX CVIDEOS FOR FLUID MECHANICS/800APPENDIX DSELECTED PERFORMANCE CURVES FOR PUMPS AND FANS/803APPENDIX EFLOW FUNCTIONS FOR COMPUTATION OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOW/818APPENDIX FANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL UNCERTAIN

49、TY/829APPENDIX GSI UNITS,PREFIXES,AND CONVERSION FACTORS/836APPENDIX HA BRIEF REVIEW OF MICROSOFT EXCEL(ON THE WEB)/W-33Answers to Selected Problems/838Index/867xContentsPrefaceIntroductionThis text was written for an introductory course in fluid mechanics.Our approach tothe subject,as in all previo

50、us editions,emphasizes the physical concepts of fluidmechanics and methods of analysis that begin from basic principles.The primaryobjective of this text is to help users develop an orderly approach to problem solving.Thus we always start from governing equations,state assumptions clearly,and try to