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1、GROUNDPENETRATINGRADARTHEORY ANDAPPLICATIONSThis page intentionally left blank GROUNDPENETRATINGRADARTHEORY ANDAPPLICATIONSEdited byHARRY M.JOLAmsterdam Boston Heidelberg London New York OxfordParis San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney TokyoElsevier ScienceRadarweg 29,PO Box 211,1000 AE Amsterda
2、m,The NetherlandsThe Boulevard,Langford Lane,Kidlington,Oxford OX5 1GB,UKFirst edition 2009Copyright?2009 Elsevier B.V.All rights reservedNo part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,ortransmitted in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,
3、or otherwise,without the prior written permission of the publisherPermissions may be sought directly from Elseviers Science&Technology RightsDepartment in Oxford,UK:phone(+44)(0)1865 843830;fax(+44)(0)1865 853333;email:.Alternatively you can submit your request online byvisiting the Elsevier web sit
4、e at http:/ selectingObtaining permission to use Elsevier materialNoticeNo responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to personsor property as a matter of products liability,negligence or otherwise,or from any useor operation of any methods,products,instructions or ideas
5、 contained in the materialherein.Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences,in particular,independentverification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be madeBritish Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryLibrary of Congres
6、s Cataloging-in-Publication DataA catalog record for this book is available from the Library of CongressISBN:978-0-444-53348-7For information on all Elsevier publicationsvisit our website at Printed in Slovenia08 09 10 1110 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1Working together to grow libraries in developing |www.booka
7、id.org|www.sabre.orgCONTENTSPrefacexiiiContributorsxvPart IGround Penetrating Radar(GPR)Principles11Electromagnetic Principles of Ground Penetrating Radar3A.P.Annan1.1Introduction41.2Ground Penetrating Radar Basic Principles51.2.1Overview51.2.2Maxwells equations61.2.3Constitutive equations61.2.4Mate
8、rial properties71.3Wave Nature of Electromagnetic Fields81.3.1Wave properties101.3.2Ground penetrating radar source near an interface111.3.3Reflection,refraction,and transmission at interfaces131.3.4Resolution and zone of influence141.3.5Scattering attenuation161.4Signal Measurement171.4.1Time range
9、s and bandwidth181.4.2Center frequency191.4.3Ground penetrating radar signal acquisition201.4.4Characterizing system response201.4.5Recording dynamic range221.4.6Antennas231.4.7Antenna directivity241.4.8Antenna shielding271.5Survey Methodology291.5.1Sampling criteria291.5.2Ground penetrating radar s
10、urveys301.5.3Common-offset reflection survey301.5.4Multioffset common midpoint/wide-angle reflectionand refraction velocity sounding design311.5.5Transillumination surveys311.6Data Analysis and Interpretation331.6.1Dewow341.6.2Time gain341.6.3Deconvolution351.6.4Migration36v1.6.5Topographic correcti
11、on361.6.6Two-dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization371.7Summary372Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Rocks,Soils and Fluids41Nigel J.Cassidy2.1Introduction412.2Electromagnetic Material Properties:Basic Theory432.3Permittivity and Conductivity The Electrical Parameters of Dielectrics
12、442.3.1Permittivity 452.3.2Conductivity?542.3.3Permeability?the magnetic parameters of dielectrics552.4Material Properties Relationship to Electromagnetic Wave Characteristics572.4.1Loss factor and skin depth592.5The Properties of Real Materials Practical Evaluations602.6Characterising the Response
13、of Real Materials622.6.1Basic mixing models632.6.2Volumetric and inclusion-based mixing models642.7Summary66Acknowledgements673Ground Penetrating Radar Systems and Design73Steven Koppenjan3.1Introduction and Background733.2Methodology Types of Ground Penetrating Radar743.2.1Impulse753.2.2Swept frequ
14、ency-modulated continuous wave753.2.3Stepped frequency-modulated continuous wave763.2.4Gated,stepped frequency-modulated continuous wave763.3Radio Frequency Specifications and Definitions773.3.1Dynamic range773.3.2Bandwidth783.3.3Range resolution783.3.4Lateral resolution793.3.5Unambiguous range793.4
15、General Design Criteria for Ground Penetrating Radar803.4.1System performance813.5Impulse Ground Penetrating Radar813.5.1Theory of operation:Impulse radar813.5.2System design parameters:impulse radar843.5.3Implementation of an impulse ground penetrating radar853.6Continuous-Wave Ground Penetrating R
16、adar863.6.1Theory of operation stepped-frequency,continuous-wave radar863.6.2System design parameters:stepped-frequency radar923.6.3Implementation of a gated,stepped-frequency,ground penetratingradar93viContents4Antennas99David J.Daniels4.1Introduction994.2Basic Antenna Parameters1024.2.1Energy tran
17、sfer from antennas1024.2.2Gain1044.2.3Directivity1054.2.4Coupling energy into the ground1054.2.5Antenna efficiency1064.2.6Sidelobes and back lobes1064.2.7Bandwidth1064.2.8Polarisation linear,elliptical,circular1074.2.9Antenna phase centre1084.2.10Antenna patterns1084.2.11Time sidelobes and ring-down
18、1094.2.12Antenna footprint1104.3Antennas for Ground Penetrating Radar1124.3.1Introduction1124.3.2Coupling into a dielectric1134.3.3Time domain antennas1154.3.4Frequency domain antennas1244.3.5Array antennas1284.4Summary1334.5Definitions1335Ground Penetrating Radar Data Processing,Modelling and Analy
19、sis141Nigel J.Cassidy5.1Introduction1415.2Background and Practical Principles of Ground Penetrating RadarData Processing1435.3Ground Penetrating Radar Data Processing:Developing Good Practice1455.4Basic Ground Penetrating Radar Data Processing Steps1485.4.1Data/trace editing and rubber-band interpol
20、ation1485.4.2Dewow filtering1505.4.3Time-zero correction1505.4.4Filtering1525.4.5Deconvolution1585.4.6Velocity analysis and depth conversion1585.4.7Elevation or topographic corrections1595.4.8Gain functions1615.4.9Migration1645.4.10Advanced imaging and analysis tools1665.4.11Attribute analysis1675.4
21、.12Numerical modelling1685.5Processing,Imaging and Visualisation:Concluding Remarks171Acknowledgements172ContentsviiPart IIEnvironmental Applications1776Soils,Peatlands,and Biomonitoring179James A.Doolittle and John R.Butnor6.1Introduction1796.2Soils1806.2.1Soil properties that affect the performanc
22、eof ground penetrating radar1806.2.2Soil suitability maps for ground penetrating radar1816.2.3Ground penetrating data and soil surveys1856.2.4Uses of ground penetrating radar in organic soils and peatlands1906.3Biomonitoring1927The Contribution of Ground Penetrating Radar to WaterResource Research20
23、3Lee Slater and Xavier Comas7.1Introduction2037.2Petrophysics2067.3Hydrostratigraphic Characterization2097.4Distribution/Zonation of Flow and Transport Parameters2147.5Moisture Content Estimation2177.6Monitoring Dynamic Hydrological Processes2247.6.1Recharge/moisture content in the vadose zone2257.6
24、.2Water table detection/monitoring2287.6.3Solute transport in fractures2297.6.4Studies of the hyporheic corridor2317.6.5Studies of the rhizosphere2327.6.6Carbon gas emissions from soils2327.7Conclusions2378Contaminant Mapping247J.D.Redman8.1Introduction2478.2Contaminant Types2488.3Electrical Propert
25、ies of Contaminated Rock and Soil2498.3.1Electrical properties of NAPLs2498.3.2Electrical properties of soil and rock with NAPL contamination2508.3.3Biodegradation effects2538.3.4Inorganics2538.4Typical Distribution of Contaminants2548.4.1DNAPL2548.4.2LNAPL2558.4.3Inorganics2558.4.4Saturated and uns
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