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1、Histories of MaizeThe Italian explorer Girolamo Benzoni(c.154155)recorded the steps involved in processing husked corn to makefresh dough.First the kernels were ground with a mano and metate and then patted into small cakes and finally cookedon a comal or griddle(from Girolamo Benzoni,La historia de
2、l mondo nvovo di M.Girolamo Benzoni Milanese,Venetia,F.Rampazeto.1565.p.56,verso).Images such as this woodcut and accounts from various chroniclers who came to theNew World emphasized the role of maize as a primary staple,the staff of life,essentially synonymous to Old Worldwheat and barley.These ea
3、rly descriptions and the later role of maize as one of the worlds primary economic staplespredisposed many scholars to emphasize and,in some instances,assert that Zea mays L.was the catalyst to the devel-opment of civilization in this hemisphere.The contributions in this volume demonstrate that its
4、role was more complexand varied than had been previously assumed.These histories of maize show that in some cases its symbolic role toethnic identity,religion,and elite status may have been as important as its economic role to such developmentalprocesses.(Courtesy of the Rare Books Division,The New
5、York Public Library,Astor,Lenox and Tilden Foundations)Histories of MaizeMultidisciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory,Linguistics,Biogeography,Domestication,and Evolution of MaizeEdited byJohn E.StallerDepartment of AnthropologyUniversity of KentuckyRobert H.TykotDepartment of AnthropologyUniversi
6、ty of South FloridaBruce F.BenzBiology DepartmentTexas Wesleyan UniversityAMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDONNEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGOSAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYOAcademic Press is an imprint of ElsevierAcademic Press is an imprint of Elsevier30 Corporate Drive,Suite 400,Burlington,MA 01
7、803,USA525 B Street,Suite 1900,San Diego,California 92101-4495,USA84 Theobalds Road,London WC1X 8RR,UKThis book is printed on acid-free paper.Copyright 2006,Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic or mechani
8、-cal,including photocopy,recording,or any information storage and retrieval system,without permission inwriting from the publisher.Permissions may be sought directly from Elseviers Science&Technology Rights Department in Oxford,UK:phone:(+44)1865 843830,fax:(+44)1865 853333,E-mail:.You may also comp
9、leteyour request on-line via the Elsevier homepage(http:/),by selecting“Support&Contact”then“Copyright and Permission”and then“Obtaining Permissions.”Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataHistories of maize:multidisciplinary approaches to the prehistory,linguistics,biogeography,domestica
10、tion,and evolution of maize/edited by John E.Staller,RobertH.Tykot,Bruce F.Benz.p.cmIncludes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-12-369364-0(alk.paper)1.CornHistory.I.Staller,John E.II.Tykot,Robert H.III.Benz,Bruce F.SB191.M2H64 2006633.1509dc222006040228British Library Cataloguing-in-Public
11、ation DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN-13:978-0-12-369364-8ISBN-10:0-12-369364-0For information on all Academic Press publicationsvisit our Web site at Printed in the United States of America0607080910987654321W orking together to grow libraries in devel
12、oping |www.bookaid.org|www.sabre.orgIn memory of Richard S.MacNeish and Donald W.Lathrap for their inspiration,insights,and pioneering research on the origin and culture history of maize.Contents3.Origin of Polystichy in MaizeHUGH H.ILTISAbstract22Introduction:The Origin of Maize23The Maizoid EveAn
13、Emphatic Restatement27The Maizoid Eve Concept Is Useful and Should Not BeRejected28First for Sugar,Then for Grain:Reflections on CornDomestication Chronology28The Cupulate Fruitcase and the Ear Cluster:AdaptiveMarvels of Coordinated Sequential Maturation32The Origin of Polystichy in Maize33An Abbrev
14、iated History33The“Twisted Cob Hypothesis”of Collins:Its Merits andFollies34What Happened After Tga 1 Caused the Maizoid Revolution?35Collins Figure,With All of Its Faults,Is a Classic Illustration35The Origin of Polystichy in Maize:The“SecondBifurcation”A Reappraisal38The Shank and Its HusksThe Key
15、 to Maize EarPolystichy39Maize PolystichyWith Its Roots in the Shank to Its Glory in the Ear39On the Inexcusable Neglect of the Shank and Its Husks41A Note on Twisting,and the Basic Bilateral Dorsiventrality of Zea42Edgar Anderson and the ShankThe Story of anUnconsummated Love Affair43The Condensati
16、on in the Maize Shank and Its Husks andPreconceived Notions44From Teosinte Distichy to Maizoid Polystichy:Or How toStudy Husk Phyllotaxy in Nine Easy Steps45Iltis and His Gigantic Footnote45S.G.Stephens and the Shank Condensation TheorySharp-Eyed,Unsung,Uncited,and UnequivocallyCorrect49Postscript50
17、P A R TIHISTORIES OF MAIZE:GENETIC,MORPHOLOGICAL,AND MICROBOTANICAL EVIDENCE1.Differing Approaches and Perceptions inthe Study of New and Old World CropsTERENCE A.BROWNIntroduction3Different Emphases in New and Old World Agriculture4Reasons for the Difference in Emphasis4Outcomes of the Difference i
18、n Emphasis5Different Perceptions of the Role of Science62.Maize in the AmericasBRUCE F.BENZPurpose and Scope of Review9Introduction10Genetic Evidence of Teosinte Domestication11Genetic Evidence of Population Manipulation12Archaeological-Macrobotanical-Evidence of TeosinteDomestication and Maize Agri
19、culture15Pollen Evidence for Use of Zea and Climate Change and Phytoliths Document Neotropical Plant Domestication16Juxtaposing the Archaeological and Genetic Evidence forEarly Maize18viiviiiContents4.Dating the Initial Spread of Zea maysMICHAEL BLAKEIntroduction55Temporal Frameworks for Zea maysEar
20、ly Dispersal56Direct Dating of Maize57On the Indirect Dating of Maize59Dating the Early Distribution of Zea Pollen60Dating the Early Distribution of Maize Phytoliths63Dating the Early Distribution of Moderate-to-High StableCarbon Isotope Ratios65Comparing the Different Lines of Evidence68Discussion
21、of the Social Implications of Maizes EarlySpread:Initial Uses of Maize685.El Riego and Early Maize Agricultural EvolutionBRUCE F.BENZ,LI CHENG,STEVEN W.LEAVITT,AND CHRIS EASTOEIntroduction73Domestication and Agriculture74Methods75Results:Calibrating and Averaging AMS Dates77Results:Morphological Tre
22、nds and Rates78Results:Evolutionary Rates78Results:Stable Isotope Determinations79Discussion and Summary806.Ancient DNA and the Integration ofArchaeological and Genetic Approaches tothe Study of Maize DomesticationVIVIANE R.JAENICKE-DESPRS AND BRUCE D.SMITHIntroduction83Morphological and Molecular A
23、pproaches to Documentingthe Early History of Maize84Molecular Level Analysis of Archaeological Maize:A Case Study85Monitoring for Selection of Preferred Attributes in Ancient Maize85The Archaeological Maize87Tb1:Maize Plant Architecture 4400 Years Ago87Pbf and Su1:The Development of Starch and Prote
24、inProperties88Population Substructure in the Sugary-1 Gene89The Timing and Sequence of Selection for Key Attributes in Maize:Combining Morphological andMolecular Evidence90Loss of Natural Seed Dispersal Mechanisms91Fewer Larger Seed“Packages”91Loss of Germination Dormancy91Terminal Seed Clusters and
25、 Uniform Ripening92Improved Starch and Protein Quality92Future Directions in Ancient DNAAnalysis of Crop Plants927.Ancient Maize in the American Southwest:What Does It Look Like and What Can It Tell Us?LISA W.HUCKELLIntroduction97Archaeological Context98Chronology98The Sites98Analysis of the Maize:M
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