Staller et al eds Histories of Maize Multidisciplinary approcahes to the prehist..PDF

1、Histories of MaizeThe Italian explorer Girolamo Benzoni(c.154155)recorded the steps involved in processing husked corn to makefresh dough.First the kernels were ground with a mano and metate and then patted into small cakes and finally cookedon a comal or griddle(from Girolamo Benzoni,La historia de

2、l mondo nvovo di M.Girolamo Benzoni Milanese,Venetia,F.Rampazeto.1565.p.56,verso).Images such as this woodcut and accounts from various chroniclers who came to theNew World emphasized the role of maize as a primary staple,the staff of life,essentially synonymous to Old Worldwheat and barley.These ea

3、rly descriptions and the later role of maize as one of the worlds primary economic staplespredisposed many scholars to emphasize and,in some instances,assert that Zea mays L.was the catalyst to the devel-opment of civilization in this hemisphere.The contributions in this volume demonstrate that its

4、role was more complexand varied than had been previously assumed.These histories of maize show that in some cases its symbolic role toethnic identity,religion,and elite status may have been as important as its economic role to such developmentalprocesses.(Courtesy of the Rare Books Division,The New

5、York Public Library,Astor,Lenox and Tilden Foundations)Histories of MaizeMultidisciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory,Linguistics,Biogeography,Domestication,and Evolution of MaizeEdited byJohn E.StallerDepartment of AnthropologyUniversity of KentuckyRobert H.TykotDepartment of AnthropologyUniversi

6、ty of South FloridaBruce F.BenzBiology DepartmentTexas Wesleyan UniversityAMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDONNEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGOSAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYOAcademic Press is an imprint of ElsevierAcademic Press is an imprint of Elsevier30 Corporate Drive,Suite 400,Burlington,MA 01

7、803,USA525 B Street,Suite 1900,San Diego,California 92101-4495,USA84 Theobalds Road,London WC1X 8RR,UKThis book is printed on acid-free paper.Copyright 2006,Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic or mechani

8、-cal,including photocopy,recording,or any information storage and retrieval system,without permission inwriting from the publisher.Permissions may be sought directly from Elseviers Science&Technology Rights Department in Oxford,UK:phone:(+44)1865 843830,fax:(+44)1865 853333,E-mail:.You may also comp

9、leteyour request on-line via the Elsevier homepage(http:/),by selecting“Support&Contact”then“Copyright and Permission”and then“Obtaining Permissions.”Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataHistories of maize:multidisciplinary approaches to the prehistory,linguistics,biogeography,domestica

10、tion,and evolution of maize/edited by John E.Staller,RobertH.Tykot,Bruce F.Benz.p.cmIncludes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-12-369364-0(alk.paper)1.CornHistory.I.Staller,John E.II.Tykot,Robert H.III.Benz,Bruce F.SB191.M2H64 2006633.1509dc222006040228British Library Cataloguing-in-Public

11、ation DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN-13:978-0-12-369364-8ISBN-10:0-12-369364-0For information on all Academic Press publicationsvisit our Web site at Printed in the United States of America0607080910987654321W orking together to grow libraries in devel

12、oping |www.bookaid.org|www.sabre.orgIn memory of Richard S.MacNeish and Donald W.Lathrap for their inspiration,insights,and pioneering research on the origin and culture history of maize.Contents3.Origin of Polystichy in MaizeHUGH H.ILTISAbstract22Introduction:The Origin of Maize23The Maizoid EveAn

13、Emphatic Restatement27The Maizoid Eve Concept Is Useful and Should Not BeRejected28First for Sugar,Then for Grain:Reflections on CornDomestication Chronology28The Cupulate Fruitcase and the Ear Cluster:AdaptiveMarvels of Coordinated Sequential Maturation32The Origin of Polystichy in Maize33An Abbrev

14、iated History33The“Twisted Cob Hypothesis”of Collins:Its Merits andFollies34What Happened After Tga 1 Caused the Maizoid Revolution?35Collins Figure,With All of Its Faults,Is a Classic Illustration35The Origin of Polystichy in Maize:The“SecondBifurcation”A Reappraisal38The Shank and Its HusksThe Key

15、 to Maize EarPolystichy39Maize PolystichyWith Its Roots in the Shank to Its Glory in the Ear39On the Inexcusable Neglect of the Shank and Its Husks41A Note on Twisting,and the Basic Bilateral Dorsiventrality of Zea42Edgar Anderson and the ShankThe Story of anUnconsummated Love Affair43The Condensati

16、on in the Maize Shank and Its Husks andPreconceived Notions44From Teosinte Distichy to Maizoid Polystichy:Or How toStudy Husk Phyllotaxy in Nine Easy Steps45Iltis and His Gigantic Footnote45S.G.Stephens and the Shank Condensation TheorySharp-Eyed,Unsung,Uncited,and UnequivocallyCorrect49Postscript50

17、P A R TIHISTORIES OF MAIZE:GENETIC,MORPHOLOGICAL,AND MICROBOTANICAL EVIDENCE1.Differing Approaches and Perceptions inthe Study of New and Old World CropsTERENCE A.BROWNIntroduction3Different Emphases in New and Old World Agriculture4Reasons for the Difference in Emphasis4Outcomes of the Difference i

18、n Emphasis5Different Perceptions of the Role of Science62.Maize in the AmericasBRUCE F.BENZPurpose and Scope of Review9Introduction10Genetic Evidence of Teosinte Domestication11Genetic Evidence of Population Manipulation12Archaeological-Macrobotanical-Evidence of TeosinteDomestication and Maize Agri

19、culture15Pollen Evidence for Use of Zea and Climate Change and Phytoliths Document Neotropical Plant Domestication16Juxtaposing the Archaeological and Genetic Evidence forEarly Maize18viiviiiContents4.Dating the Initial Spread of Zea maysMICHAEL BLAKEIntroduction55Temporal Frameworks for Zea maysEar

20、ly Dispersal56Direct Dating of Maize57On the Indirect Dating of Maize59Dating the Early Distribution of Zea Pollen60Dating the Early Distribution of Maize Phytoliths63Dating the Early Distribution of Moderate-to-High StableCarbon Isotope Ratios65Comparing the Different Lines of Evidence68Discussion

21、of the Social Implications of Maizes EarlySpread:Initial Uses of Maize685.El Riego and Early Maize Agricultural EvolutionBRUCE F.BENZ,LI CHENG,STEVEN W.LEAVITT,AND CHRIS EASTOEIntroduction73Domestication and Agriculture74Methods75Results:Calibrating and Averaging AMS Dates77Results:Morphological Tre

22、nds and Rates78Results:Evolutionary Rates78Results:Stable Isotope Determinations79Discussion and Summary806.Ancient DNA and the Integration ofArchaeological and Genetic Approaches tothe Study of Maize DomesticationVIVIANE R.JAENICKE-DESPRS AND BRUCE D.SMITHIntroduction83Morphological and Molecular A

23、pproaches to Documentingthe Early History of Maize84Molecular Level Analysis of Archaeological Maize:A Case Study85Monitoring for Selection of Preferred Attributes in Ancient Maize85The Archaeological Maize87Tb1:Maize Plant Architecture 4400 Years Ago87Pbf and Su1:The Development of Starch and Prote

24、inProperties88Population Substructure in the Sugary-1 Gene89The Timing and Sequence of Selection for Key Attributes in Maize:Combining Morphological andMolecular Evidence90Loss of Natural Seed Dispersal Mechanisms91Fewer Larger Seed“Packages”91Loss of Germination Dormancy91Terminal Seed Clusters and

25、 Uniform Ripening92Improved Starch and Protein Quality92Future Directions in Ancient DNAAnalysis of Crop Plants927.Ancient Maize in the American Southwest:What Does It Look Like and What Can It Tell Us?LISA W.HUCKELLIntroduction97Archaeological Context98Chronology98The Sites98Analysis of the Maize:M

26、ethods and Materials99Results101Discussion104Conclusions1068.Environmental Mosaics,AgriculturalDiversity,and the Evolutionary Adoption ofMaize in the American SouthwestWILLIAM E.DOOLITTLE AND JONATHAN B.MABRYIntroduction109The Simplistic Paradigm110Proto-Agriculture111Diversity in Early Water Manage

27、ment112Agricultural Niches in an Environmental Mosaic115Maize Varieties and Crop Complexes115Conclusion1179.Toward a Biologically Based Method of Phytolith ClassificationGREG LADENIntroduction123The Raw Data and Its Presumed Meaning124Exploring Genetic versus Nongenetic Variation124Conclusions128P A

28、 R TIISTABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS ANDHUMAN DIET10.Isotope Analyses and the Histories of MaizeROBERT H.TYKOTIsotope Definitions131History of Isotope Studies132Sample Preparation and Isotopic Analysis135Interpretation and Significance of Carbon and NitrogenIsotope Data136Oxygen and Strontium Isotopes138Is

29、otope Studies in This Volume13911.Social Directions in the IsotopicAnthropology of Maize in the Maya RegionCHRISTINE D.WHITE,FRED J.LONGSTAFFE,AND HENRY P.SCHWARCZA Brief History of Isotopic Anthropology in Mesoamerica143Ideology145Social Structure145Rise of Social Differentiation148Socioeconomic St

30、atus148Intraelite Differentiation150Gender150Trade153Identification of the“Other”in Sacrifices153Conclusion15512.Diet in Prehistoric SoconuscoBRIAN CHISHOLM AND MICHAEL BLAKEIntroduction161Sample Selection162Sample Preparation and Analysis162Plant Results162Animal Results163Human Results165Conclusio

31、ns16713.Early to Terminal Classic Maya Diet in theNorthern Lowlands of the Yucatn(Mexico)EUGENIA BROWN MANSELL,ROBERT H.TYKOT,DAVID A.FREIDEL,BRUCE H.DAHLIN,AND TRACI ARDRENIntroduction173Methods174Isotopic Studies of the Maya174Yaxun174Chunchucmil177Discussion and Conclusion18014.The Importance of

32、Maize in the InitialPeriod and Early Horizon PeruROBERT H.TYKOT,RICHARD L.BURGER,AND NIKOLAAS J.VAN DER MERWEIntroduction187Archaeological Sites Tested188Pacopampa188The Manchay Culture Sites of the Lurin Valley189Mina Perdida190Tablada de Lurin191Stable Isotope Analysis191Results and Discussion193P

33、acopampa193Cardal194Mina Perdida194Tablada de Lurin195Conclusion19515.Maize on the Frontier:Isotopic andMacrobotanical Data fromCentralWestern ArgentinaADOLFO F.GIL,ROBERT H.TYKOT,GUSTAVO NEME,AND NICOLE R.SHELNUTIntroduction199Zea mays on the Frontier:A South American Case201The Study Area201Domest

34、icates:Maize and Other Resources in the LateHolocene202Isotopic Ecology and Human Diet:13C and 15NInformation202Late Holocene Human Diet and the Use of Maize207The Zea mays Frontier Adoption Model211Final Remarks212ContentsixxContents16.Dietary Variation and Prehistoric MaizeFarming in the Middle Oh

35、io ValleyDIANA M.GREENLEEIntroduction215Late Woodland and Late Prehistoric Subsistence Records217Theory and Method217Theoretical Framework217Generating Dietary Data218The Isotope Record of Dietary Change220Multiple Populations?221Recent Efforts to Account for Dietary Change221Geographic Variation in

36、 Maize-Based Farming Systems222Recent Efforts to Account for Geographic Variation in Diet223Evaluation229Conclusions229Future Directions23117.A Hard Row to Hoe:Changing MaizeUse in the American Bottom andSurrounding AreasELEANORA A.REBERIntroduction236Models of Maize Adoption in the American Bottom2

37、36Types of Analysis Used237Paleoethnobotany and Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis237Pottery Residue Analysis238Early Emergent Mississippian239Late Emergent Mississippian241The Mississippian Lohmann Phase(CAL AD 10501100)242Middle Mississippian Phases(CAL AD 11001350)243Stirling Phase(CAL AD 11001200)24

38、4Moorehead Phase(CAL AD 12001300)244Discussion244Conclusions24518.Evidence for Early Use of Maize in Peninsular FloridaJENNIFER A.KELLY,ROBERT H.TYKOT,AND JERALD T.MILANICHIntroduction249The Natural Setting of Peninsular Florida250Historic Evidence for Plant Foods in Florida251Stable Isotope Studies

39、 in Florida251Human Skeletal Samples in This Study252Site Background252Cross Creek and Melton Mound I(Inland Sites)252Crystal River(An Estuary Environment)252Dunwoody,Pillsbury,Bay Pines,Horrs Island,Weeden Island,and Bayshore Homes(Coastal Sites)253Processing and Analyzing Skeletal Material253Stabl

40、e Isotope Results for All Sites254Cross Creek and Melton Mound I(Inland Sites)254Crystal River(Estuarine Site)256Bay Pines,Dunwoody,Pillsbury,Bayshore Homes,WeedenIsland,Horrs Island(Coastal Sites)256Discussion257Inland Sites257Crystal River258Coastal Sites258Conclusion25919.Prehistoric Maize in Sou

41、thern Ontario:Contributions from Stable Isotope StudiesM.ANNE KATZENBERGIntroduction263Previous Studies264Stable Isotope Analysis of Faunal Remains:Earlier Studyand New Data265Refining Estimates of the Introduction of Maize inSouthern Ontario from Human Collagen Samples270Conclusions27020.The Stable

42、 and Radio-Isotope Chemistryof Eastern Basketmaker and Pueblo Groups inthe Four Corners Region of the AmericanSouthwest:Implications for Anasazi Diets,Origins,and Abandonments in Southwestern ColoradoJOAN BRENNER COLTRAIN,JOEL C.JANETSKI,AND SHAWN W.CARLYLEIntroduction276Overview of Basketmaker II R

43、esearch276Site Descriptions277Talus Village277Sites 22 and 23277Site 22278Site 23278Unnamed Sites278Methods278Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis278Stable Nitrogen Isotope Analysis278Laboratory Procedures278Results279Discussion283Talus Village284Sites 22/23284Pueblo IIIII Burials285Radiocarbon Chronology

44、285Conclusion28521.The Agricultural Productivity of ChacoCanyon and the Source(s)of Pre-HispanicMaize Found in Pueblo BonitoLARRY BENSON,JOHN STEIN,HOWARD TAYLOR,RICHARD FRIEDMAN,AND THOMAS C.WINDESIntroduction290Agricultural Productivity and Population Densities of theChaco Canyon Core Area292Acres

45、 under Cultivation293Southwestern American Indian Maize Yields and Rates ofConsumption301Estimated Population Densities Supported by Chaco CanyonMaize Production301Areas from Which Maize May Have Been Imported301Archaeological Maize Samples302Chemical Tracing of Biological and ArchaeobiologicalMater

46、ials302Methodological Considerations:Sampling and LaboratoryMethods303Results and Discussion307Summary and Conclusions31122.Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis andHuman Diet:A SynthesisHENRY P.SCHWARCZIntroduction315Theoretical Basis of the Use of Isotopes316The Significance of Isotopes in Reconstruction

47、 ofPaleodiet in the Americas316Rate of Spread of Maize and Agriculture317Isotopic Studies in North America318Mesoamerica319South America319Other Isotopic Methods320Conclusions320P A R TIIIHISTORIES OF MAIZE:THE SPREAD OF MAIZE IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA23.Caribbean Maize:First Farmers to ColumbusL

48、EE A.NEWSOMIntroduction325Caribbean Biogeography and Physical Geography in Brief326Synopsis of the History of Human Settlement andCultivation Practices327The Evidence for Maize:Archaeological Research329Archaeobotany329Human Bone Chemistry331Discussion331Why Such a Low Signal?331The Development of a

49、 Uniquely Caribbean Cuisine332Conclusion33324.Maize on the MoveJ.SCOTT RAYMOND AND WARREN R.DEBOERIntroduction337Ethnographic Evidence338Discussion340Conclusions34125.The Gift of the Variation and Dispersion ofMaize:Social and Technological Context inAmerindian SocietiesRENE M.BONZANI AND AUGUSTO OY

50、UELA-CAYCEDOIntroduction344The Development of Ceramics:Its Social Setting345Ceramics and Maize:Dispersion in South America and the Caribbean345Timing of Maturation of Maize350Conclusions351ContentsxixiiContents26.The Maize Revolution:A View from El SalvadorROBERT A.DULLIntroduction357Making Sense of