Atlasofrock-formingmineralsinthinsections.pdf
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1、Atlas ofrock-forming mineralsin thin sectionsW.S.MacKenzie and C.GuilfordLongman Scientific&Technical1980This full-colour handbook illustrates the appearance of common rock-forming minerals as seen in thin section under the polarizing microscope.It is not intended to replace a mineralogy textbook-ra
2、ther it is designed to be used as a laboratory manual alongside the standad texts,by all students of earth sciences from sixth form to honours degree level.The book contains over 200 photomicrographs accompanied by short descriptions and summaries of the optical properties of the various minerals.Th
3、e photographs are taken in either plane-polarized light or under crossed polars,and are careefully chosen to show the features by wich the minerals can most easily recognized.W.S.MacKenzie,PhD,FRSE,FGS,is Professor of Petrology at the University of Manchester.C.Guilford,FGS,is the Superintendent of
4、the Department of Geology at the University of ManchesterCONTENTSPrefaceivMuscovite54IntroductionvBiotite55Birefringence chartviStilpnomelane57Olivine1Pyrophyllite58Monticellite3Talc59Chondrodite4Chlorite60Zircon6Serpentine62Sphene7Prehnite63Garnet8Microcline64Vesuvianite9Perthite&Microperthite65Sil
5、limanite10Sanidine66Mullite12Anorthoclase67Andalusite13Plagioclase68Andalusite&Sillimanite14Quartz70intergrowth15Myrmekite72Kyanite16Granophyric texture73Topaz17Tridymite74Staurolite18Cristobalite75Chloritoid19Nepheline76Sapphirine20Sanidine&Nepheline78Eudialyte21Leucite79Zoisite22Nosean80Epidote23C
6、ancrinite81Piemontite24Scapolite82Allanite25Analcite83Lwsonite26Corundum84Pumpellyite27Rutile85Melilite28Perovskite86Cordierite30Spinel87Tourmaline32Brucite88Axinite34Calcite89Orthopyroxene35Dolomite90Augite36Apatite92Titanaugite37Fluorite93Clinopyroxene&Orthopyroxene Deerite94intergrowth38Howeieite
7、95Aegirine-augite39Zussmanite96Jadeite40Yoderite97Wollastonite41Index98Pectolite42Anthophyllite-Gedrite43Cummingtonite-Grunerite44Tremolite-Ferroactinolite45Hornblende46Kaersutite48Glaucophane49Arfvedsonite50Aenigmatite51Astrophyllite52Lamprophyllite53INDEXActinolite45Muscovite54Aegirine-augite39Myr
8、mekite72Aenigmatite51Nepheline76-78Allanite25Nosean80Analcite83Olivine1-2Andalusite13-15Orthite25Anorthoclase67Orthopyroxene35Anthophyllite43Pectolite42Apatite92Perovskite86Arfvedsonite50Perthite65Astrophyllite52Piemontite24Augite36-37Plagioclase68-69Axinite34Prehnite63Biotite55-57Pumpellyite27Bruci
9、te88Pyrophyllite58Calcite89Quartz70-71Cancrinite81Rutile85Chlorite60-61Sanidine66-78Chloritoid19Sapphirine20Chondrodite4-5Scapolite82Cordierite30-31Serpentine62Corundum84Sillimanite10-11,15Cristobalite75Sphene7Cummingtonite44Spinel87Deerite94Staurolite18Dolomite90-91Stilpnomelane57Epidote23Talc59Eud
10、ialyte21Topaz17Fayalite1-2Tourmaline32-33Ferroactinolite45Tremolite45Fluorite93Tridymite74Forsterite1-2 Vesuvianite9Garnet8Wollastonite41Gedrite43Yoderite97Glaucophane49Zircon6Granophyric texture73Zoisite22Grunerite44Zussmanite96Hornblende46-47Howieite95Idocrase9Jadeite40Kaersutite48Kyanite16Lamprop
11、hyllite53Lawsonite26Leucite79Melilite28-29Microcline64Monticellite3Mullite12PREFACEThe purpose of this book is to illustrate the appearance of many of the common rock-forming minerals in thin section under the microscope.It is not our intention that it should be used as a substitute for a mineralogy
12、 textbook but rather as a laboratory handbook for use in practical classes together with one of the standard textbooks on mineralogy.The idea of producing a series of photographs of minerals in thin section came from two sources.The son of one of the authors,I.R.MacKenzie,then in his second year as
13、a student of geology,suggested that these would be a useful aid in recognizing minerals under the microscope.On questioning undergraduates in second-year Geology classes in Manchester University,why they preferred certain textbooks to others,the answer was invariably that they found those books whic
14、h contained illustrations accompanying the text particularly useful,especially when they could recognize under the microscope features which could be seen in the photographs.Some of the textbooks which,in our opinion,contain the best photomicrographs or drawings of minerals are rather old and are no
15、t readily available to the student of today.Rosenbuschs Mikroskopische Petrographie der Mineralien und Gesteine,published in 1905,has some excellent photomicrographs printed in black and white,while Tealls British Petrography,published in 1888,has beautiful drawings which appear to have been hand-co
16、loured before reproduction by printing.H.G.Smiths Minerals and the Microscope,first printed in 1914,has been found useful by generations of students of elementary mineralogy because of the high quality of the illustrations.It seemed to us that if we could reproduce faithfully,by colour photography,t
17、he appearance of minerals under the microscope both in plane-polarized light and under crossed polars,the usefulness of photomicrographs as a teaching aid would be increased enormously.The majority of the photographs were made from thin sections of rocks in the teaching collections of the Geology De
18、partment in Manchester University and we are grateful of our colleagues in Manchester for providing us with thin sections.ivINTRODUCTIONThe minerals represented here are arranged in the same order in which they appear in Deer,Howie and Zussmans Introduction to Rock Forming Minerals(relevant page num
19、bers given at the end of each entry in square brackets),except for a few minerals which are not described by these authors,viz.deerite,zussmanite,yoderite and lamprophyllite.The decision as to which minerals to include has been based mainly on two considerations,firstly,how frequently they occur and
20、 secondly whether a photograph can be a useful aid in identification.In the headings for each mineral we have listed the chemical formula(simplified in some cases),crystal system,optic sign,the values of the refractive index for biaxial minerals and the and ray refractive indices for uniaxial minera
21、ls together with the birefringence.These figures have been quoted from Deer,Howie and Zussmans book with their permision.The rock type and locality of the specimens are quoted,where these are known,and the magnifications used in taking the photographs are given.Each pohotograph is accompanied by a b
22、rief description of the field of view illustrated but,in general,only properties which can be seen in the photographs are discussed.Thus we have omitted reference to optic axial angle,sign of elongation and dispersion.In most cases at least two photographs have been made of each mineral,one in plane
23、-parallel light with the polarizer in two orthogonal positions.In the case of isotropic minerals we have tended to omit the view taken under crossed polars.With few exceptions the polarizer has been set parallel to the edges of the photograph but we have not made much use of this fact since discussi
24、on of extinction angles is omitted except in the case of the plagioclase feldspars,because this would necesitate reproducing a number of photographs taken under crossed polars.In order to show pleochroism,we have used rotation of the polarizer rather than rotation of the stage of the microscope for
25、two reasons.Firstly,this makes it easier to compare the photographs and observe the change in colour shown by any one crystal and secondly it has been done to encourage the use of this method for detecting weak pleochroism.Although we have adopted the procedure of retaining the thin section in the s
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