AmericanGovernmentandPoliticsToday-Essentials2011-20124-2.pdf
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1、5chapter Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part.Due to electronic rights,some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially a
2、ffect the overall learning experience.Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.Immigration reform is one of today s hot-button issues.These demonstrators are standing in front of a government building in Phoenix,Arizona
3、.(Monica Almeida/The New York Times/Redux)Civil Rightschapter contentsAfrican Americans and the Consequences of Slavery in the United StatesThe Civil Rights MovementThe Climax of the Civil Rights MovementWomen s Struggle for Equal RightsGender-Based Discrimination in the WorkplaceImmigration,Latinos
4、,and Civil RightsAffirmative ActionSecuring Rights for Persons with DisabilitiesThe Rights and Status of Gay Males and LesbiansThe Rights and Status of Juveniles145 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part.Due to electronic right
5、s,some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience.Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrict
6、ions require it.EMPLOYMENT AND TAXESMost illegal immigrants come to the United States to work.Many of them send part of their earnings in America back to relatives in their home countries.The wages sent home to family members by individu-als working in the United States(both legally and illegally)ar
7、e the second-largest source of foreign income in Mexico.The Internal Revenue Service has had diffi culty collecting taxes on the wages that unauthorized immigrants earn,however.Some employers who knowingly hire undocumented workers simply pay those workers in cash“under the table”to avoid a paper tr
8、ail.If unauthorized immigrants were granted citizenship,most employers would no longer be able to engage in such tax-evasion schemes,and tax revenues would increase.Employers sometimes use illegal immigrants as employees because the latter often accept lower wages than American citizens would.Some e
9、mployers break the law by hiring unauthorized immigrants to get around paying state or federal minimum wages.If citi-zenship were granted to unauthorized immigrants,employers would have to reconsider their practices.U.S.IMMIGRATION POLICYObviously,unauthorized immigrants violate U.S.immi-gration law
10、s.Anyone seeking to enter the United States legally faces a lengthy application process and annual quota limitations that depend on national origin.Granting citizenship to all unauthorized immi-grants now living in the United States could be consid-ered unfair to all those who are waiting for legal
11、entry.It is worth noting that the number of applications for legal immigration from countries such as Mexico has held up right through the Great Recession.The number of new illegal immigrants,however,has plummeted,at least for now.FOR CRITICAL ANALYSIS1.In 2010,senators Charles Schumer(D.,N.Y.)and L
12、ind-sey Graham(R.,S.C.)made a new proposal to reform the nations immigration laws by creating ways in which unauthorized immigrants could regularize their status,by making it harder to employ undocumented workers,and by allowing more legal immigration.Do you think that Congress is likely to adopt su
13、ch measures any time before the 2012 elections?Why or why not?2.Do you think immigration would signifi cantly increase if the United States unveiled some type of policy to grant cit-izenship to unauthorized immigrants?Why or why not?BACKGROUNDBy common estimates,there may be as many as 12 mil-lion u
14、nauthorized immigrants living in the United States.The majority of these people,who are also called illegal immigrants,illegal aliens,or undocumented workers,came to the United States from Latin American countries,with more than half coming from Mexico.In 2006,many unauthorized immigrants and their
15、advo-cates took to the streets to protest legislation that would have raised penalties for illegal immigration and classi-fi ed as felons all unauthorized immigrants and anyone who helped them.(The legislation did not pass.)The pro-testers also voiced an overriding request:allow illegal immigrants t
16、o obtain U.S.citizenship.WHAT IF UNAUTHORIZED IMMIGRANTS WERE GRANTED CITIZENSHIP?Granting citizenship to unauthorized immigrants now living in the United States would have signifi cant reper-cussions.The immigrants sheer numbers would com-mand attention from both political parties.The already impor
17、tant“Hispanic vote”would take on even greater signifi cance.In recent years,voter participation within the Hispanic,or Latino,community has increased.Latinos have become more politically active and outspo-ken.A growing number of individuals of Hispanic descent hold public offi ce as mayors of major
18、cities,gov-ernors,and members of Congress.unauthorized immigrants were granted citizenship?146WHATIF.These Mexicans were caught trying to enter the United States at the border and are being held in a detention center.What drives foreigners to enter this country illegally?(J.Emilio Flores/Corbis)Copy
19、right 2010 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.May not be copied,scanned,or duplicated,in whole or in part.Due to electronic rights,some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the ove
20、rall learning experience.Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.CHAPTER 5 Civil Rights 147In spite of the words set forth in the Declaration of Independence that“all Men are created equal,”the concept of equal treatme
21、nt under the law was a distant dream in our nations early years.In fact,the majority of the population had few rights at that time.As you learned in Chapter 2,the framers of the Constitution permitted slavery to continue.Slaves thus were excluded from the political process.Women also were excluded f
22、or the most part,as were Native Americans,African Americans who were not slaves,and even white men who did not own property.Today,in contrast,we have numerous civil rights.Equality is at the heart of the con-cept of civil rights.Generally,the term civil rights refers to the rights of all Americans t
23、o equal protection under the law,as provided for by the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.Although the terms civil rights and civil liberties are sometimes used inter-changeably,scholars make a distinction between the two.As discussed in Chapter 4,civil liberties are basically limitations on
24、government;they specify what the government can-not do.Civil rights,in contrast,specify what the government must doto ensure equal protection and freedom from discrimination.The history of civil rights in America is the story of the struggle of vari-ous groups to be free from discriminatory treatmen
25、t.In this chapter,we fi rst look at two movements that had signifi cant consequences for the history of civil rights in America:the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s and the womens movement,which began in the mid-1800s and continues today.Each of these movements resulted in legislation th
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