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1、Numerical Modelling and Analysis of Fluid Flow and Deformation of Fractured Rock Masses Numerical Modelling and Analysis of Fluid Flow and Deformation of Fractured Rock Masses This Page Intentionally Left BlankNumerical Modelling and Analysis of Fluid Flow and Deformation of Fractured Rock Masses Xi
2、ng Zhang and David J.Sanderson Imperial College of Science,Technology and Medicine University of London,London,UK 2002 PERGAMON An Imprint of Elsevier Science Amsterdam-Boston-London-New York-Oxford-Paris San Diego-San Francisco-Singapore-Sydney-Tokyo ELSEVIER SCIENCE Ltd The Boulevard,Langford Lane
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10、er.Address permissions requests to:Elsevier Science Global Rights Department,at the mail,fax and e-mail addresses noted above.Notice No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability,negligence or otherwise,or from any
11、 use or operation of any methods,products,instructions or ideas contained in the material herein.Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences,in particular,independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made.First edition 2002 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
12、 A catalog record from the Library of Congress has been applied for.British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record from the British Library has been applied for.ISBN:0-08-043931-4)The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992(Permanence of Pap
13、er).Printed in The Netherlands.PREFACE Our understanding of the subsurface system of the earth is becoming increasingly more sophisticated both at the level of the behaviour of its components(solid,liquid and gas)as well as their variations in space and time.The implementation of coupled models(e.g.
14、mechanical-hydraulic,mechanical-thermal and hydraulic-thermal)is essential for the understanding of an increasing number of natural phenomena and in predicting human impact on these.There is growing interest in the relation between fluid flow and deformation in subsurface rock systems that character
15、ise the upper crust.This has led to knowledge becoming increasingly specialized in many branches of earth sciences(structural geology,geophysics,rock mechanics,metamorphic petrology,petroleum geology)and engineering,(including hydrology,waste management,petroleum engineering,civil engineering,enviro
16、nmental engineering and mining engineering).A multidisciplinary subject dealing with deformation and fluid flow in the subsurface system is emerging.Investigating a subsurface system of the Earth requires reliable methods of predicting deformation and fluid flow in natural,heterogeneous rocks.These
17、must incorporate the essential physics,accommodate appropriate material properties and boundary conditions,and allow quantitative estimates of flow parameters,together with uncertainties,at every resolvable scale.The indispensability of numerical modelling of subsurface systems may be justified by t
18、he following:1.An intrinsic characteristic of a subsurface system is the difficulty,or even impossibility,of carrying out meaningful experiments in situ.In other areas of science the validation of models and their tuning may be obtained by means of physical experiments.Numerical modelling often prov
19、ides the only means of testing hypotheses in subsurface systems.2.The properties and parameters of a subsurface system are poorly understood in comparison to artificial materials.For such a data-limited system,sensitivity analysis of parameters using numerical modelling methods is an effective way t
20、o gain an understanding of the relative importance of parameters and the uncertainty of models.3.Mathematical models,incorporating statistical information,fractal concepts,etc.,can be easily employed in a numerical model to optimise the use available information in rock-masses which are heterogeneou
21、s at many scales.Whilst research in the subject area of faulting,fracturing and fluid flow has led to significant progress in many different areas,the approach has tended to be reductionist,i.e.involving the isolation and simplification of phenomena so that they may be treated as single physical pro
22、cesses.The reality is that many processes operate together within subsurface systems,and this is particularly true for fluid flow and deformation of fractured rock masses.The aim of this book is to begin to explore how vi Numerical Modelling of Fluid Flow and Deformation advances in numerical modell
23、ing can be applied to understanding the complex phenomena observed in such systems.This book is mainly based on original research,published by the authors over the last 10 years,but the fundamental principles and practical methods of numerical modelling,in particular distinct element methods,are als
24、o included.The book aims to explore the principles of numerical modelling and the methodologies for some of the most important problems,in addition to providing practical models with detailed discussions on various topics.We hope to provide a roadmap for those readers who want to construct and devel
25、op their own models.In Chapter 1,we will introduce the fundamental principles of numerical modelling and discuss the difference between continuous medium and discontinuous medium modelling methods.The distinct element method is introduced and the reasons why this method is used to model a subsurface
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