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1、Computing System Reliability Models and Analysis This page intentionally left blank Computing System Reliability Models and Analysis Min Xie Yuan-Shun Dai and Kim-Leng PohNational University of Singapore Singapore KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK,BOSTON,DORDRECHT,LONDON,MOSCOW eBook ISBN:0-306-48
2、636-9 Print ISBN:0-306-48496-X 2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers New York,Boston,Dordrecht,London,Moscow Print 2004 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers New York All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,recording,or other
3、wise,without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at:http:/ and Kluwers eBookstore at:http:/ PrefaceComputing systems are widely used today and in many areas they serve the key function in achieving highly complicated and safety-critical miss
4、ion.At the same time,the size and complexity of computing systems have continued to increase,making its performance evaluation more difficult than ever before.The purpose of this book is to provide a comprehensive coverage of tools and techniques for computing system reliability modeling and analysi
5、s.Reliability analysis is a useful tool in evaluating the performance of complex systems.Intensive studies have been carried out to improve the likelihood for computing systems to perform satisfactorily in operation.Software and hardware are two major building blocks in computing systems.They have t
6、o work together successfully to complete many critical computing tasks.This book systematically studies the reliability of software,hardware and integrated software/hardware systems.It also introduces typical models in the reliability analysis of the distributed/networked systems,and then further de
7、velops some new models and analytical tools.“Grid”computing system has emerged as an important new field,distinguished from conventional distributed computing systems by its focus on large-scale resource sharing,innovative applications,and,in many cases,high-performance orientation.This book also pr
8、esents general reliability models for the grid and discusses analytical tools to estimate the grid reliability related to the resource management system,wide-area network communication,and parallel running programs with multiple shared resources.vvi Computing System Reliability Furthermore,this book
9、 introduces the basic reliability theories and models for various multi-state systems.Based on the models,some interesting decision problems in system design and resource allocation are further discussed.This book is organized as follows.Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the field of computing s
10、ystems and reliability analysis.Simple reliability concepts are also discussed.Chapter 2 provides the basic knowledge in reliability analysis and summarizes some common techniques for analyzing the computing system reliability.The fundamentals of Markov processes and Nonhomogeneous Poisson processes
11、(NHPP)are also introduced,which are essential tools used in this book.Chapters 3 and 4 present important models for the reliability analysis of hardware and software systems,respectively.They are useful when hardware and software issues are dealt with separately at the system analysis stage.Chapter
12、5 discusses the models for integrated systems.This is essential in computing system analysis as both software and hardware systems have to work together.In Chapter 6,the reliability of various distributed computing systems which incorporate the network communication into the hardware/software reliab
13、ility is studied.The distributed computing system is a common and widely-used networked system and hence a chapter is devoted to this.The reliability of grid computing systems,which is a new direction in computing technology,is studied in Chapter 7.Since the grid reliability is difficult to evaluate
14、 due to its wide-area,heterogeneous and time various characteristics,we initially construct the reliability models for the different parts of the grid,including resource management system,large-scale network,distributed software and resources.Finally,Chapter 8 studies the multi-state system reliabil
15、ity.Some optimization models in the system design and resource allocation are presented in Chapter 9.This is an area where research is going on and further development is needed.Preface vii The basic chapters in this book are Chapters 3-7.Readers familiar with basic reliability can start from Chapte
16、r 3 directly.Chapters 8 and 9 are on advanced topics and can be read by those interested in those specific topics.Many models and results found in the literature and from our research are presented in the book.It is hoped that these approaches are easily implemented by practitioners as well.In addit
17、ion,many examples are accompanied with those approaches.The book serves as reference book for students,professors,engineers and researchers in related science and engineering field.It can be used for graduate and senior undergraduate courses.Researchers and students should find many ideas useful in
18、their academic work.The readers should have some basic knowledge in probability and calculus.However,difficult details are omitted to benefit the general audience.References are given so that further details can be found for those who are interested in more specific results.M.Xie Y.S.Dai K.L.Poh Thi
19、s page intentionally left blank AcknowledgementsThis book has evolved over the past ten years.We would like to thank our collaborators and students who have worked on one or more topics covered in the book.Especially,G.Y.Hong,B.Yang,S.L.Ho and G.Q.Liu have contributed a significant amount to the wor
20、k presented in the book.We are fortunate to have worked closely with many overseas colleagues,such as L.R.Cui,O.Gaudoin,P.K.Kapur,C.D.Lai,G.Levitin,D.N.P.Murthy,K.Way,C.Wohlin,M.Zhao,among others.This has helped broaden our view which is needed for a book as such.Many people worldwide have been inte
21、rested in our work and we are grateful to T.Dohi,K.Kanoun,T.Khoshgoftaar,S.Y.Kuo,M.R.Lyu,J.Musa,S.Osaki,H.Pham,N.Schneidewind,Y.Tohma,K.S.Trivedi,M.Vouk,L.Walls,S.Yamada,M.J.Zuo and others for their help in our research.Our research is supported by the National University of Singapore.We are also gr
22、ateful to all staff and other students in the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering for their help in one way or another.The effort of Gary Folven of Kluwer and other staff at the Kluwer Academic Publisher is also appreciated.The idea of putting together this book was firmed up after his
23、trip to Singapore at the beginning of the millennium.Finally,we would like to thank our families for their understanding and support in all these years.ixThis page intentionally left blank Contents1 INTRODUCTION 11.1.Need for Computing System Reliability Analysis 11.2.Computing System Reliability Co
24、ncepts 21.3.Approaches to Computing System Modeling 32 BASIC RELIABILITY CONCEPTS AND ANALYSIS 72.1.Reliability Measures 72.2.Common Techniques in Reliability Analysis 122.3.Markov Process Fundamentals 192.4.Nonhomogeneous Poisson Process(NHPP)Models 363 MODELS FOR HARDWARE SYSTEM RELIABILITY 413.1.
25、Single Component System 413.2.Parallel Configurations 483.3.Load-Sharing Configurations 583.4.Standby Configurations 613.5.Notes and References 694 MODELS FOR SOFTWARE RELIABILITY 714.1.Basic Markov Model 71xixii Computing System Reliability 4.2.Extended Markov Models764.3.Modular Software Systems90
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