BS8002_1994-CodeofpracticeforEarthRetainingStructures.PDF
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1、BRITISH STANDARDBS 8002:1994Incorporating Amendments Nos.1 and 2 and Corrigendum No.1Code of practice forEarth retaining structuresICS 93.020NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBS 8002:1994This British Standard,having been prepared under the direction of the Technic
2、al Sector Board for Building and Civil Engineering(B/-),was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on15 April 1994 BSI 12 September 2001The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:Committee reference B/526Draft for comment 87/14383 DCISBN 0 58
3、0 22826 6Committees responsible for this British StandardThe preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Technical Sector Board for Building and Civil Engineering(B/-)to Technical Committee B/526,upon which the following bodies were represented:Association of Consulting EngineersAssoci
4、ation of Geotechnical SpecialistsDepartment of the Environment(Construction Directorate)Department of TransportFederation of Civil Engineering ContractorsFederation of Piling SpecialistsInstitution of Civil EngineersInstitution of Structural EngineersAmendments issued since publicationAmd.No.DateCom
5、ments8851November 199512062May 2001Indicated by a sideline in the margin13386Corr.No.112 September 2001Figures A.1 to A.8 replacedBS 8002:1994 BSI 12 September 2001iContentsPageCommittees responsibleInside front coverForewordvSection 1.Introduction1.1Scope11.2References11.3Definitions11.4Major symbo
6、ls41.5Selection and types of structure51.5.1General51.5.2Selection of type5Section 2.Data for design2.1Site and geotechnical data72.1.1General72.1.2Site investigations72.1.3Ground water72.1.4Flood tides and waves82.1.5Climate82.1.6Trees82.2Soil properties92.2.1General92.2.2Selection and evaluation o
7、f soil parameter values92.2.3Clay soils102.2.4Cohesionless soils132.2.5Silts132.2.6Rock132.2.7Fill152.2.8Wall friction,base friction and undrained wall adhesion162.3Externally applied loads17Section 3.Design philosophy,design method and earth pressures3.1Design philosophy193.1.1General193.1.2Limit s
8、tate design193.1.3Ultimate limit states193.1.4Serviceability limit states223.1.5Limit states and compatibility of deformations233.1.6Design values of parameters233.1.7Applied loads233.1.8Design soil strength233.1.9Design earth pressures243.2Design method243.2.1Equilibrium calculations243.2.2Design s
9、ituations253.2.3Calculations based on total and effective stress parameters263.2.4Design using total stress parameters263.2.5Design using effective stress parameters273.2.6Design values of wall friction,base friction and undrainedwall adhesion 27BS 8002:1994ii BSI 12 September 2001Page3.2.7Design to
10、 structural codes283.3Disturbing forces283.3.1General283.3.2At-rest earth pressures283.3.3Active earth pressures293.3.4Surcharge loads333.3.5Water pressure353.4Resistance to movement393.4.1General393.4.2Passive earth resistance393.4.3Weak rocks413.4.4Layered soils413.4.5Water pressures and seepage f
11、orces41Section 4.Design of specific earth retaining structures4.1Interrelation of section 3 and section 4434.1.1General434.1.2Design434.2Gravity walls434.2.1General434.2.2Foundations434.2.3Mass concrete retaining walls444.2.4Unreinforced masonry retaining walls494.2.5Reinforced soil514.2.6Gabions514
12、.2.7Cribwork574.3Reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry walls onspread foundations 634.3.1Reinforced concrete walls(other than basement walls)634.3.2Basement walls,excavation,support and retention systems674.3.3Reinforced and prestressed masonry retaining walls724.4Embedded walls784.4.1General78
13、4.4.2Types of wall and applicability784.4.3Design784.4.4Steel sheet piling814.4.5Timber sheet piles854.4.6Reinforced and prestressed concrete sheet piles884.4.7In situ concrete pile walls884.4.8Diaphragm walls904.4.9Soldier/king piles924.5Strutted excavations and cofferdams954.5.1General954.5.2Strut
14、s,ties,walings and anchorages994.5.3Cellular cofferdams1014.6Anchorages1044.6.1General104BS 8002:1994 BSI 12 September 2001iiiPage4.6.2Equilibrium1044.6.3Ground anchorages1044.6.4Tension piles1054.6.5Deadman anchorages1054.7Waterfront structures 1084.7.1General1084.7.2Concrete and reinforcement1084.
15、7.3Design1084.7.4Construction112Annex A(normative)Graphs for Ka and Kp114Annex B(informative)Traditional design methods for embedded walls122Annex C(informative)Bibliography125Index129Figure 1 Strength envelopes for a given pre-consolidation12Figure 2 Derivation of N from SPT value N 16Figure 3 Limi
16、t states for earth retaining structures20Figure 4 Pressure diagrams25Figure 5 Graphical determination of active earth pressure forcohesionless soils30Figure 6 Graphical determination of active earth pressure forcohesive soils33Figure 7 Construction of earth pressure diagrams for earth retaining stru
17、ctures in multi-layered soil35Figure 8 Flow net determination of pore water pressure36Figure 9 Linear variation in hydraulic head37Figure 10 Graded filter drain38Figure 11 Foundations of gravity walls45Figure 12 Basic forms of mass concrete walls46Figure 13 Masonry clad mass concrete wall with cavit
18、y48Figure 14 Stepped and buttressed retaining walls inunreinforced masonry50Figure 15 Hexagonal woven mesh gabion cage(typical)53Figure 16 Welded mesh gabion cage(typical)54Figure 17 Examples of gabion retaining walls57Figure 18 Section and elevation of typical crib wall58Figure 19 Examples of timbe
19、r cribwork59Figure 20 Examples of reinforced concrete cribwork60Figure 21 Further examples of reinforced concrete cribwork61Figure 22 Basic forms of reinforced concrete cantilever or stem wall64Figure 23 Basic forms of reinforced concrete counterfort andbuttressed walls65Figure 24 Temporary support
20、against central dumping68Figure 25 Temporary support by fully braced trench68Figure 26 Long flying shores across excavations69Figure 27 Fully braced temporary support69Figure 28 Concurrent upward and downward construction70Figure 29 Floors cast on ground with excavation continuing below71Figure 30 O
21、pen cut72Figure 31 Reinforced masonry:grouted-cavity construction73Figure 32 Reinforced masonry:Quetta bond construction74Figure 33 Reinforced masonry:pocket-type construction74BS 8002:1994iv BSI 12 September 2001PageFigure 34 Reinforced hollow blockwork construction75Figure 35 Post-tensioned masonr
22、y diaphragm wall construction76Figure 36 Types of embedded retaining wall79Figure 37 Active pressure diagrams relating to maximum strut loads in braced earth retaining structures 80Figure 38 Illustration of method of calculation of bending moments and frame loads by successive stage analysis in coff
23、erdams81Figure 39 Typical sections of timber sheet piles87Figure 40 Detail of driving edge87Figure 41 Horizontal sheeting(lagging)92Figure 42 Vertical sheeting(lagging)92Figure 43 Composite steel soldier piles93Figure 44 Various methods of locating the sheeting(lagging)94Figure 45 Cofferdam for rive
24、r crossing96Figure 46 Cofferdam in water97Figure 47 Types of cellular cofferdams103Figure 48 Types of anchorage106Figure 49 Non-interference of zones for anchored wall107Figure 50 Double wall construction where zones interfere108Figure A.1 Active pressure Horizontal ground surface behind wall:Values
25、 of Ka(horizontal component)114Figure A.2 Passive pressure Horizontal ground surface behind wall:Values of Kp(horizontal component)115Figure A.3 Active pressure Sloping ground surface behind wall:Values of Ka(horizontal component)(based on Kerisel and Absi,1990)116Figure A.4 Active pressure Sloping
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