ThePersonalityPuzzleByDavidFunder,6thEdition.PDF
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1、SIXTH EDITIONTHE PERSONALITYPUZZLEDavid C.Funder153459_00_a-b,i-xxxii,1_r2_sa.indd b02/08/12 8:55 PM153459_00_a-b,i-xxxii,1_r2_sa.indd ii02/08/12 8:55 PMDAVID C.FUNDERUniversity of California,RiversideBW.W.NORTON&COMPANYNew York LondonTHE PERSONALITY PERSONALITY PUZZLEPUZZLESIXTH EDITIONTHE PERSONAL
2、ITY PERSONALITY PUZZLEPUZZLESIXTH EDITION153459_00_a-b,i-xxxii,1_r2_sa.indd iii02/08/12 8:55 PMTHEPERSONALITY PERSONALITY PUZZLEPUZZLESIXTH EDITION153459_00_a-b,i-xxxii,1_r2_sa.indd i02/08/12 8:55 PMW.W.Norton&Company has been independent since its founding in 1923,when William Warder Norton and Mar
3、y D.Herter Norton fi rst published lectures delivered at the People s Institute,the adult educa-tion division of New York City s Cooper Union.The fi rm soon expanded its program beyond the Institute,publishing books by celebrated academics from America and abroad.By midcentury,the two major pillars
4、of Norton s publishing programtrade books and college textswere fi rmly established.In the 1950s,the Norton family transferred control of the company to its employees,and todaywith a staff of four hundred and a comparable number of trade,college,and professional titles published each yearW.W.Norton&
5、Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by its employees.Copyright 2013,2010,2007,2004,2001,1997 by W.W.Norton&Company,Inc.All rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaEditor:Aaron JavsicasProject editor:Carla L.TalmadgeProduction managers:Benjamin Reynold
6、s,Ashley HornaMarketing manager,psychology:Andrea MatterEditorial assistant:Catherine RiceManaging editor,College:Marian JohnsonBook designer:Judith AbbateDesign director:Rubina YehPhoto editor:Stephanie RomeoPermissions manager:Megan JacksonElectronic media editor:Callinda TaylorElectronic media as
7、sistant:Carson RussellComposition:Jouve North AmericaManufacturing:CourierWestfordLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataFunder,David Charles.The personality puzzle/David C.Funder.6th ed.p.cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-393-91311-8(hardcover)1.Personality.I.Ti
8、tle.BF698.F84 2013 155.2dc23 2012029677W.W.Norton&Company,Inc.,500 Fifth Avenue,New York,NY W.W.Norton&Company Ltd.,Castle House,75/76 Wells Street,London W1T 3QT1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0153459_00_a-b,i-xxxii,1_r2_sa.indd iv02/08/12 8:55 PMFor my father153459_00_a-b,i-xxxii,1_r2_sa.indd v02/08/12 8:55 PMA
9、BOUT THE AUTHORDAVID C.FUNDER is Distinguished Professor of Psychology and former chair of the psychology department at the University of California,Riverside.He is the winner of the 2009 Jack Block Award for Distinguished Research in Personality,former president of the Association for Research in P
10、ersonality,and(as of 2012)president-elect of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology.Funder is a former editor of the Journal of Research in Personality and a former associate editor of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.He is best known for his research on personality judgme
11、nt and has also published research on delay of gratifi cation,attribution theory,the longitudinal course of personality develop-ment,and the psychological assessment of situations.He has taught personality psychology to undergraduates at Harvey Mudd College,Harvard University,and the University of I
12、llinois,UrbanaChampaign,and continues to teach the course every year at the University of California,Riverside.153459_00_a-b,i-xxxii,1_r2_sa.indd vi02/08/12 8:55 PMAnybody in science,if there are enough anybodies,can fi nd the answerits an Easter-egg hunt.That isnt the idea.The idea is:Can you ask t
13、he question in such a way as to facilitate the answer?GERALD EDELMANEven if,ultimately,everything turns out to be connected to everything else,a research program rooted in that realization might well collapse of its own weight.HOWARD GARDNERThe fi rst step is to measure whatever can easily be measur
14、ed.Thats OK as far as it goes.The second step is to pretend that whatever cannot be easily measured isnt very important.Thats dangerous.The third step is to pretend that whatever cannot easily be measured doesnt exist.Thats suicide.DANIEL YANKELOVICHThere once was an entomologist who found a bug he
15、couldnt classifyso he stepped on it.ERNEST R.HILGARDInterpretation is the revenge of the intellect upon art.SUSAN SONTAG153459_00_a-b,i-xxxii,1_r2_sa.indd vii02/08/12 8:55 PM153459_00_a-b,i-xxxii,1_r2_sa.indd viii02/08/12 8:55 PMCONTENTS IN BRIEF1 The Study of the Person 2PART I?RESEARCH METHODS?182
16、 Clues to Personality:The Basic Sources of Data 203 Personality Psychology as Science:Research Methods 60PART II?HOW PEOPLE DIFFER:THE TRAIT APPROACH?1044 Personality Traits,Situations,and Behavior 1065 Personality Assessment I:Personality Testing and Its Consequences 1386 Personality Assessment II:
17、Personality Judgment in Daily Life 1707 Using Personality Traits to Understand Behavior 196PART III?THE MIND AND THE BODY:BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY?2448 The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality 2469 The Inheritance of Personality:Behavioral Genetics and Evolutionary Theory 294PART IV?THE
18、 HIDDEN WORLD OF THE MIND:THE PSYC HOANALYTIC APPROACH?34010 Basics of Psychoanalysis 34211 The Workings of the Unconscious Mind:Defenses and Slips 37612 Psychoanalysis After Freud:Neo-Freudians,Object Relations,and Current Research 406PART V?EXPERIENCE AND AWARENESS:HUMANISTIC AND CROSSCULTURAL PSY
19、CHOLOGY?43613 Experience,Existence,and the Meaning of Life:Humanistic and Positive Psychology 43814 Cultural Variation in Experience,Behavior,and Personality 472PART VI?WHAT PERSONALITY DOES:LEARNING,THINKING,FEELING,AND KNOWING?51815 Learning to Be a Person:Behaviorism and Social Learning Theories
20、52016 Personality Processes:Perception,Thought,Motivation,and Emotion 56217 What You Know About You:The Self 60818 Disorders of Personality 64419 Conclusion:Looking Back and Looking Ahead 684153459_00_a-b,i-xxxii,1_r2_sa.indd ix02/08/12 8:55 PM153459_00_a-b,i-xxxii,1_r2_sa.indd x02/08/12 8:55 PMCont
21、ents in Brief xiPreface xxiii1 The Study of the Person?2The Goals of Personality Psychology 5Mission:Impossible 5Competitors or Complements?7Distinct Approaches Versus the One Big Theory 9Advantages as Disadvantages and Vice Versa 10The Plan of This Book 12Pigeonholing Versus Appreciation of Individ
22、ual Differences 14Summary 15Think About It 16PART I RESEARCH METHODS?182 Clues to Personality:The Basic Sources of Data?20Data Are Clues 22Four Kinds of Clues 23Ask the Person Directly:S Data 23Ask Somebody Who Knows:I Data 30Life Outcomes:L Data 39Watch What the Person Does:B Data 44Mixed Types of
23、Data 54No Infallible Indicators of Personality 55Summary 56Think About It 57Suggested Reading 58CONTENTS153459_00_a-b,i-xxxii,1_r2_sa.indd xi02/08/12 8:55 PMxii Contents3 Personality Psychology as Science:Research Methods?60Psychology s Emphasis on Method 61Scientifi c Education and Technical Traini
24、ng 63Quality of Data 64Reliability 64Validity 69Generalizability 71Research Design 76Case Method 76An Experimental and a Correlational Study 78Comparing the Experimental and Correlational Methods 80Representative Design 84How Strong Are the Results?86Signifi cance Testing 86Effect Size 90Ethics 96Th
25、e Uses of Psychological Research 96Truthfulness 97Deception 97Tools of Exploration 100Summary 100Think About It 102Suggested Reading 103PART II?HOW PEOPLE DIFFER:THE TRAIT APPROACH?1044 Personality Traits,Situations,and Behavior?106The Measurement of Individual Differences 108People Are Inconsistent
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