环境工程专业英语全套课件.ppt

1、SpecialEnglishofEnvironmentalSciece&Engineering12Attendance:40%Less than 3 unexplained absencesFinal exam:60%800.6+300.4=60400.6+1000.4=642Textbook&referencesTextbook:化学工业出版社钟理主编环境科学与工程专业英语，第三版。References：Metcalf&Eddy,Wastewaterenginering,thirdedition.Unitedbookpress,Inc.,APHA,AWWA,WEF,Standardmetho

2、dfortheexaminationofwaterandwastewater,20theditiondateweekcontents28/81Part1,unit1,whatareenvironmentalscienceandengineering4/92Part1,unit2,Environmentalengineering11/93Part1,unit3,Whatiswastereduction/wasteminimization18/94Part1,unit4,Environmentalanalysis25/95Part2,unit8,typeandsourceofairpollutan

3、ts2/106Part2,unit9,indoorairquality9/107Part2,unit10,newtechnologyofairpollutioncontrol16/108Part3,unit12,waterpollutionandpollutants23/109Part3,unit14,waterpurificaitondateweekcontents30/1010Part3,unit15watertreatmentprocess6/1111Part3,unit16,biologicalwastewatertreatment13/1112Part4,unit20,sources

4、andtypesofsolidwastes20/1113Part6,unit30environmentalimpactassessmentofairquality27/1114Part6,unit30environmentalimpactassessmentofairquality4/1215Part8,unit40,sustainability18/1216Wastewaterengineering25/1217Finalexam6Part 1：Introduction to environmental engineeringunit 1：what are environmental sci

5、ence and engineeringunit 2：Environmental engineeringunit 3：What is waste reduction/waste minimizationunit 4：Environmental analysisPart 2：Atmosphere chemistry and Air pollution&controlunit 8：Type and source of air pollutantsunit 9：indoor air qualityunit 10：New technology of air pollution control67Par

6、t 3：Water and wastewater treatmentunit 12:water pollution and pollutantsunit 14:water puficationunit 15:water treatment processesunit 16:biological wastewater treatmentPart 4：Solid wastes&disposalunit 20：sources and types of solid wastesPart 5：Other pollution and control technologyunit 25：noise cont

7、rolPart 6：environmental management unit 30：EIA of air qualityPart 8:Envir.sustainable Develop.and green sci.technol.unit 40:sustainability 7unit1.WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering?WordsandExpressionstribesn.部落，群落communities社区subdisciplinesn.分支学科effusionsn.流出物，出口流体quantitativea.定量的qualitative

8、logic定性逻辑学quantitativelogic定量逻辑学skewedn.adj.偏离，曲解cornerstonesn.基石hypothesisn.假想，假设consolidationn.加强，协同，合并，凝固magpiecollection胡乱收集，混杂收集logicn.逻辑学bridgethegap填补差距manifestv,/a.表明，显示palatablea./ad.可口的，受欢迎的hazardsn.有害物NaturalScienceInthebroadestsense,scienceissystematizedknowledgederivedfromandtestedbyrec

9、ognition and formulation of a problem,collection of data through observation，andexperimentation.广广义义来来讲讲，科科学学是是系系统统化化的的知知识识，该该知知识识源源于于并并被被如如下下行行为为所所验验证证：通通过过观观察察和和实实验验收收集集的的数数据，从而认知并确切的阐述某个问题。据，从而认知并确切的阐述某个问题。NaturalScienceWedifferentiatebetweensocialscienceandnaturalscience in that the former deals

10、 with the study ofpeopleandhowtheylivetogetherasfamilies,tribes,communities，races，andnations,andthelatterdealswiththestudyofnatureandthephysicalworld.我我们们将将科科学学区区分分为为自自然然科科学学和和社社会会科科学学。前前者者研研究究人人以以及及他他们们是是如如何何作作为为家家庭庭，种种族族，部部落落，社社区区及及民民族族而而生活在一起的，而后者研究的是自然和整个物理世界。生活在一起的，而后者研究的是自然和整个物理世界。Naturalscien

11、ceincludessuchdiversedisciplinesasbiology,chemistry,geology,physics,andenvironmentalscience.自自然然科科学学包包括括生生物物，化化学学，地地质质学学，物物理理学学，环环境境科科学等不同学科。学等不同学科。EnvironmentalScienceWhereasthedisciplinesofbiology,chemistry,andphysics(andtheirsubdisciplinesofmicrobiology,organicchemistry,nuclearphysics,etc.)arefoc

12、usedonaparticularaspectofnaturalscience,environmentalscienceinitsbroadest sense encompasses all the fields ofnaturalscience.Thehistoricalfocusofstudyforenvironmental scientists has been,of course,thenaturalenvironment.与与生生物物，化化学学和和物物理理学学科科（及及其其下下属属学学科科微微生生物物，有有机机化化学学，核核物物理理等等）关关注注自自然然科科学学的的某某一一个个特特定

13、定方方面面不不同同，环环境境科科学学从从广广义义上上来来讲讲，包包括括了了自自然然科科学学的的所所有有领领域域。当当然然，环环境境科科学学家家的的研研究重点历史以来一直是自然环境。究重点历史以来一直是自然环境。By this,we mean the atmosphere,the land,thewaterandtheirinhabitantsasdifferentiatedfromthebuiltenvironment.Modernenvironmentalsciencehasalsofoundapplicationstothebuiltenvironmentor,perhapsmore co

14、rrectly,to the effusions from the builtenvironment.在在此此，我我们们将将大大气气、土土壤壤、水水及及那那些些生生物物与与人人工工环环境境区区别别开开来来。现现代代环环境境科科学学已已经经在在那那些些人人工工环环境境中中获获得得了了应应用用，也也许许，更更准准确确的的说说，是是对对那那些来自于人工环境的流出物。些来自于人工环境的流出物。QuantitativeEnvironmentalScienceScience or,perhaps more correctly,thescientificmethod,dealswithdata,thatis

15、,withrecordedobservations.Thedataare，ofcourse,asampleoftheuniverseofpossibilities.Theymayberepresentativeortheymaybeskewed.科科学学,或或者者，也也许许更更正正确确，科科学学的的方方法法，是是对对那那些些观观察察记记录录到到的的数数据据进进行行处处理理。而而数数据据，当当然然，是是宇宇宙宙的的可可能能性性的的一一个个样样本本。他他们们可可以以是是代代表表性性的，它们也可以走样。的，它们也可以走样。QuantitativeEnvironmentalScienceEven if

16、 they are representative,they willcontain some random variation that cannot beexplained with current knowledge.Care andimpartialityingatheringandrecordingdata,aswell as independent verification,are thecornerstonesofscience.即即使使他他们们是是具具有有代代表表性性的的，他他们们也也可可能能包包含含一一些些个个我我们们当当前前知知识识无无法法解解释释的的一一些些随随机机变变量量

17、。在在收收集集和和记记录录数数据据过过程程中中细细致致认认真真和和客客观观中中立立，以以及独立核实，是科学的基石。及独立核实，是科学的基石。When the collection and organization of datarevealcertainregularities,itmaybepossibletoformulateageneralizationorhypothesis.Thisismerelyastatementthatundercertaincircumstancescertainphenomenacangenerallybeobserved.当当对对数数据据的的收收集集和和

18、整整理理表表明明了了一一定定的的规规律律的的时时候候，有有可可能能形形成成一一个个通通则则或或者者假假设设。这这只只是是一一个个陈陈述述，即即在在特特定定的的环环境境下下通通常常可可以以观观察察到到特特定定的的现象。现象。Many generalizations are statistical in thattheyapplyaccuratelytolargeassemblagesbutarenomorethanprobabilitieswhenappliedtosmaller sets or individuals.In a scientificapproach，the hypothesis

19、 is tested,revised,andtestedagainuntilitisprovenacceptable.很很多多通通则则是是统统计计出出来来的的，即即当当其其被被应应用用在在大大的的组组合合时时候候，他他们们是是正正确确的的，当当其其应应用用于于小小的的组组合合或或者者个个体体时时候候，他他们们就就仅仅仅仅是是一一个个可可能能性性而而已已。科科学学的的处处理理方方法法，就就是是对对假假设设进进行行测测试试，修修正正，再测试，直至其被证明可接受为止。再测试，直至其被证明可接受为止。Ifwecanusecertainassumptionsortietogetherasetofgene

20、ralizations,weformulateatheory.Forexample,theoriesthathavegainedacceptanceoveralongtimeare known as laws.Some examples are the laws ofmotion,whichdescribethebehaviorofmovingbodies，andthegaslaws,whichdescribethebehaviorofgases.The development of a theory is an importantaccomplishment because it yield

21、s a tremendousconsolidationofknowledge.如如果果我我们们能能够够利利用用一一些些假假设设或或着着将将一一系系列列通通则则组组合合在在一一起起的的话话，我我们们就就组组成成了了一一个个理理论论。例例如如，当当一一个个理理论论获获得得了了长长时时间间的的认认可可后后，他他们们就就被被称称为为定定律律。如如，运运动动定定律律，描描述述了了运运动动物物体体的的行行为为，而而气气体体定定律律，描描述述了了气气体体的的状状态态。理理论论的的发发展展是是一一个个重重要要的的成成就就，因因为为它它会会产产生生巨大的知识的合并。巨大的知识的合并。Furthermore,at

22、heorygivesusapowerfulnewtoolintheacquisitionofknowledgeforitshowsuswheretolookfornewgeneralizations.Thus,the accumulation of data becomes less of amagpie collection of facts and more of asystematized hunt for needed information.It istheexistenceofclassificationandgeneralization,and above all theory

23、that makes science anorganizedbodyofknowledge.而而且且，理理论论可可以以给给我我们们一一个个强强有有力力用用于于获获得得知知识识的的新新的的工工具具，因因为为它它给给我我们们指指出出到到哪哪里里去去发发现现新新的的通通则则。因因此此，数数据据的的积积累累更更多多的的是是来来自自于于系系统统性性的的对对所所需需情情报报的的猎猎取取，而而不不是是对对事事实实真真相相的的胡胡乱乱收收集集。理理论论包包括括分分类类和和概概括括，理理论论使使得得科科学学成成为知识的有机体。为知识的有机体。Logicisapartofalltheories.Thetwotyp

24、esoflogic are qualitative and quantitative logic.Qualitativelogicisdescriptive.Forexamplewecanqualitativelystatethatwhentheamountofwastewaterenteringacertainriveristoohigh,the fish die.With qualitative logic we cannotidentify what“too high”meanswe needquantitativelogictodothat.逻逻辑辑是是所所有有理理论论的的一一部部分分

25、。有有2种种类类型型的的逻逻辑辑：定定性性和和定定量量逻逻辑辑。定定性性逻逻辑辑是是可可描描述述的的。例例如如，我我们们可可以以定定性性的的说说：当当进进入入到到一一个个特特定定河河流流的的废废水水量量过过高高时时候候，鱼鱼会会死死掉掉。用用定定性性逻逻辑辑我我们们不不能能鉴鉴别别什什么么是是“过过高高”，这这就就意意味味着着我我们们需需要要定定量量逻辑来做这部分工作。逻辑来做这部分工作。When the data and generalizations arequantitative,weneedmathematicstoprovideatheorythatshowsthequantitat

26、iverelationships.Forexample,aquantitativestatementabouttherivermightstatethat“whenthemassoforganicmatter entering a certain river equals xkilogramsperday,theamountofoxygeninthestreamisy.”当当数数据据和和通通则则是是可可定定量量时时，我我们们需需要要数数学学来来给给出出一一个个能能够够描描述述这这个个定定量量关关系系的的理理论论。例例如如，关关于于一一个个河河流流的的定定量量描描述述是是：当当进进入入到到一一个

27、个特特定定河河流流的的有有机机物物的的量量等等于于x公公斤斤/天天，河河流流中中的的氧氧气气的的总量是总量是y.Perhaps moreimportantly,quantitative logicenablesustoexplore“Whatif?”questionsaboutrelationships.For example,“if we reduce the amount of organicmatterenteringthestream,howmuchwilltheamountof oxygen in the stream increase?”Furthermore,theories,a

28、ndinparticular,mathematicaltheories,oftenenable us to bridge the gap between experimentallycontrolledobservationsandobservationsmadeinthefield.也也许许，更更重重要要的的是是，定定量量逻逻辑辑能能够够使使我我们们探探究究这这些些关关系系见见“如如果果.会会怎怎么么样样”的的问问题题。例例如如，如如果果我我们们减减少少进进入入到到水水体体的的有有机机物物的的总总量量，水水中中的的氧氧气气的的量量会会增增加加多多少少？。而而且且，理理论论，特特别别是是数数学

29、学理理论论，通通常常能能够够在在实实验验可可控控过过程程中中观观察察的的结结果果与与现现场场实实际际观观察察的的结结果果间间搭搭建建连连接桥梁。接桥梁。（课本注释错误）（课本注释错误）For example,if we control the amount ofoxygeninafishtankinthelaboratory,wecandeterminetheminimumamountrequiredforthefishtobehealthy.Wecanthenusethisnumberto determine the acceptable mass of organicmatterplace

30、dinthestream。例例如如，如如果果我我们们在在实实验验室室控控制制鱼鱼缸缸里里的的氧氧量量，我我们们就就能能确确定定保保持持鱼鱼健健康康所所需需要要的的最最低低氧氧量量。这这样样我我们们就就可可以以用用这这个个值值来来确确定定可可接接受受的的排排入入河河流流中中的有机物的量。的有机物的量。Given that environmental science is anorganizedbodyofknowledgeaboutenvironmental relationships,then quantitativeenvironmentalscienceisanorganizedcolle

31、ctionof mathematical theories that may be used todescribeand,exploreenvironmentalrelationships.鉴鉴于于环环境境科科学学是是关关于于环环境境关关系系的的知知识识有有机机体体，定定量量环环境境科科学学是是数数学学理理论论的的有有机机组组合合，可可以以用用来来描述和探索环境的关系。描述和探索环境的关系。EngineeringEngineering is a profession that appliesscienceandmathematicstomakethepropertiesof matter an

32、d sources of energy useful instructures,machines,products,systems,andprocesses.工工程程是是一一个个专专业业，应应用用科科学学和和数数学学使使得得物物质质的的特特性性和和能能源源能能够够用用于于结结构构、机机械械、产产品品、系系统统和和工艺。工艺。EnvironmentalEngineeringTheEnvironmentalEngineeringDivisionoftheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers(ASCE)haspublished the following statement

33、 of purposethat may be used to show the relationshipbetweenenvironmentalscienceandenvironmentalengineering；美美国国土土木木工工程程师师学学会会（ASCE）环环境境工工程程分分部部发发表表了了以以下下声声明明，其其目目的的用用于于表表明明环环境境科科学学与与环环境境工程之间的关系工程之间的关系;Environmental engineering is manifest by soundengineering thought and practice in the solution ofpr

34、oblemsofenvironmentalsanitation，notablyintheprovision of safe,palatable,and ample public watersupplies；the proper disposal of or recycle ofwastewaterandsolidwastes；theadequatedrainageofurbanandruralareasforpropersanitation;andthecontrol of water,soil,and atmospheric pollution,andthesocialandenvironm

35、entalimpactofthesesolutions.环环境境工工程程是是在在解解决决环环境境卫卫生生问问题题中中通通过过正正确确的的工工程程理理念念和和实实践践展展现现出出来来的的。特特别别是是在在提提供供安安全全、可可口口和和充充足足的的公公共共供供水水方方面面；正正确确的的处处置置和和循循环环废废水水和和固固体体废废弃弃物物；为为了了适适当当的的卫卫生生对对城城郊郊充充分分的的排排水水；对对水水、土土壤壤和和大大气气污染的控制，以及这些控制对社会和环境的影响。污染的控制，以及这些控制对社会和环境的影响。Furthermore it is concerned with engineeri

36、ngproblemsonthefieldofpublichealth,suchascontrolofarthropod-bornediseases,theeliminationofindustrialhealthhazards,andtheprovisionofadequatesanitationinurban,rural,and recreational areas,and the effect oftechnologicaladvancesontheenvironment.此此外外，它它与与公公共共卫卫生生领领域域的的工工程程问问题题有有关关，如如控控制制节节肢肢动动物物传传播播的的疾疾病

37、病，消消除除工工业业健健康康危危害害，并并在在城城市市，农农村村和和休休闲闲区区提提供供适适当当的的卫卫生生设设施施，和技术的进步对环境的影响。和技术的进步对环境的影响。Neitherenvironmentalsciencenorenvironmental engineering should be confusedwith heating,ventilating,or air conditioning(HVAC),norwithlandscapearchitecture.Neithershould they be confused with the architecturaland stru

38、ctural engineeringfunctions associatedwithbuiltenvironments,suchashomes,offices,andotherworkplaces.Selectedfrom“MackenzieLDavis,SusanJMasten.PrinciplesofEnvironmentalEngineeringandScience,TheMcGraw-HillCompanies，Inc.USA2004不不论论是是环环境境科科学学还还是是环环境境工工程程，都都不不能能和和取取暖暖，通通风风或或者者空空调调相相混混淆淆，也也不不能能与与景景观观设设计计相相

39、提提并并论论。二二者者也也不不能能和和那那些些与与建建设设和和结结构构工工程程功功能能相相关关的的建建筑筑环环境境（如如住住宅宅，办办公公室室及及那那些些车车间间）相相混淆。混淆。Exercises1.PutthefollowingwordsorphrasesintoChinese,Biology生物学races种族disciplines学科encompass包围，包括inhabitant居民builtenvironment,建筑环境soundengineeringthought可靠的工程理念statistical,统计的probability可能性，概论organicmatter有机物amp

40、lepublicwatersupply充足的公共供水disposalofwastewater废水处理Exercises2.PutthefollowingintoEnglish：协同consolidation胡乱收集magpie曲解skewed基石cornerstones流出物流出物effluent假想hypothesis可口的palatable生物学biology31WordsandExpressionssmelter:熔炉，冶金厂，冶炼者aqueductkwidkt:渠，水管 dysenterydisntri:痢疾 choleraklr:霍乱typhoidtaifid:伤寒，似斑疹伤寒sul

41、furdioxide二氧化硫nitrogenoxide氧化氮carbondioxide二氧化碳31arablerbl:可耕的agrariangrerin:土地，农民，农业的urbanization:城市化harmonyh:mni:协调，一致environmentaldisturbance：环境破坏exposetheconsiderablegaps:揭示大的差别aquatickwtiklife:水生生物discharge:排出，排出物Unit1.EnvironmentalEngineeringWhatisThisBookAbout?Theobjectiveofthisbookistointrod

42、uceengineering and science students to theInterdisciplinarystudyofenvironmentalproblems;theircauses,whytheyareofconcern,andhowwecancontrolthem本书的目的（任务）是将环境问题的多学科学术研究介绍给环境工程和环境科学的学生们：引起这些问题的原因，为什么这些问题会得到关注，以及我们如何才能控制它们。Interdisciplinary:跨学科，跨学科，规律，纪律规律，纪律Thebookincludes：Description of what is meant b

43、y environment and byenvironmentalsystems环境与环境系统含义informationonthebasiscausesofenvironmentaldisturbances引起环境变化的基本原因的资料情报Basisscientificknowledgenecessarytounderstandthenatureofenvironmentalproblemsandtobeabletoquantifythem有助于理解环境问题实质及将这些问题定量化的基础科学知识Currentstateofthetechnoiogyenvironmentalcontrolinits

44、applicationtowater，airandpollutionproblems目前用于水、空气及污染问题中的环境控制的技术状态Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge ofunderstandingandcontrollingmanyofthecomplexinteractionsbetweenhumanactivitiesandnature在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间的很多复杂的相互作用方面，当今的科学知识存在的巨大的缺口【understanding is knowledge,based on learning ore

45、xperience,If you have an understanding of something,youknowhowitworksorknowwhatitmeans】.Many environmental problems which could be eliminated orreducedbytheapplicationofcurrenttechnology,butwhicharenotdealtwithbecauseofsocietyslackofwilltodoso，orinmanyinstancesbecauseofalackofresourcestodoso很多环境问题是可

46、以利用现有技术消除或减轻的，但由于社会缺乏去处理的意愿，或在很多情况下由于缺少资源去做，而没有得到处理。SomeImportantDefinitionsWhere they are first used in this book-definitions are introduced in block form asshownhereorpritenedinboldtype.当我们在本书中首次提到这些名词的时候，这些名词的定义以齐头式表示，或以粗体打印Environmentisthephysicalandbiotichabitatwhich surrounds us;that which we

47、can see,hear,touch,smell,andtaste.环境是围绕在我们周围的物理和生物的居留地，在这里，我们可以看，听，触摸，闻和品尝System,according to Websters dictionary,isdefinedasasetorarrangementofthingssorelatedorconnectedastoformaunitororganicwhole;asasolar system,irrigation system,supply system,theworldoruniverse”.系统：根据韦氏词典，被定义为：将相关或相连的物质排列组合使之成为一个

48、单元或有机整体，如太阳系，灌溉系统，供应系统，世界或宇宙等Pollutioncanbedefinedasanundesirablechangeinthephysical,chemicalorbiologicalcharacteristicsofthe air,water,or land that can harmfully affect thehealth,survival,oractivitiesofhumansorotherlivingorganisms.污染：可以定义为对空气、水、或土壤带来的不希望的物理、化学或生物特性的变化，从而危害到人类及其他生命体的健康生存或活动Whenthego

49、alofimprovingenvironmentalqualityistaken to be improving human well-being,the wordenvironment broadens to include all kinds of socialeconomic,and cultural aspects.Such broadness isunworkableinmanyrealsituationsandimpracticalinatextbookdesignedforaonesemestercourse.当我们的目的是要改善环境质量以提高人类的健康幸福时，环境这个词的内涵就

50、要扩展到社会经济和文化的所有领域。这样的一个(内涵的)扩大在很多实际情况下并无实际意义，而且，作为一个以1个学期为目点的课程的课本来讲，不切实际。Our examination of environmental problems isthereforelimitedbyourdefinitionofenvironment因此，我们对环境问题的考察审视就局限在我们自己的环境的定义。InteractionofSystemsA number of different environmental problemsareassociatedwithwater,air,orlandsystems.很多不同