美国文学课件W-6 Realism 1.ppt

1、 CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATUREAmerican LiteratureAmerican Literature美国文学史及选读A presentation brought to you by Wu Wu DuanliDuanli CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LIT

2、ERATUREOver23millionforeigners-German,Scandinavian,andIrishflowedintotheUnitedStatesbetween1860and1910.Chinese,Japanese,andFilipino laborers were imported by plantation owners,railroadcompanies,andotherAmericanbusinessinterestsontheWestCoast.In1860,mostAmericanslivedonfarmsorinsmallvillages,butby191

3、9 half of the population was concentrated in about 12 cities.Problems of urbanization and industrialization appeared:poor andovercrowded housing,low pay,difficult working conditions,andinadequaterestraintsonbusiness.Laborunionsgrew。Farmers,too,saw themselves struggling against the“money interests”of

4、 the East.Easternbankstightlycontrolledcreditsovitaltowesterndevelopmentandagriculture.TheidealAmericanofthepost-CivilWarperiodbecamethemillionaire.BackwardForwardThe Literature of Realism 1:The Era of Realism and Naturalism CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANT

5、HOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATUREIn1860,therewerefewerthan100millionaires;by1875,thereweremorethan1,000.From1860to1914,theUnitedStateswastransformedtoahuge,modern,industrialnation.Populationhadmorethandoubled,risingfrom31millionin1860to76millionin1900.ByWorldWarI,theUnitedStateshadbecomeamajorworldpower

6、.CharacteristicAmericannovelsoftheperiodStephenCranesMaggie:A Girl of the Streets,JackLondonsMartin Eden,andlaterTheodoreDreisersAn American Tragedydescribethedamageofeconomicforcesandalienation疏远ontheweakindividual.Survivors,likeTwainsHuckFinn,and Dreisers opportunistic Sister Carrie,endure through

7、 innerstrengthinvolvingkindness,flexibility,and,aboveall,individuality.Era of Realism and NaturalismBackwardForward CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATURERealismdevelopedasareactionagainstRomanticismandstressedthe real over the fantas

8、tic.The movement sought to treat thecommonplacetruthfullyandusedcharactersfromeverydaylife.ThisemphasiswasbroughtonbysocietalchangessparkedbyThe Origin of SpeciesbyDarwin,theHigherCriticismoftheBible,andthetheCivil War.A deeper,more pessimistic,literary movement calledNaturalismgrewoutofRealismandst

9、ressedtheuncaringaspectofnature and the genetic,biological destiny of man.Naturalistsbelieved that mans instinctual drives dominated their actions andcouldnotbeescaped.Twain,Crane,London,Norris,Howells,James,andDreiserwerethemajorwritersofthismovement.InAmericanliterature,theterm“realism”referstothe

10、periodoftimefromtheCivilWartotheturnofthecentury.BackwardForwardRealism and Naturalism CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATUREIn drawing attention to this connection,Amy Kaplan has calledrealisma“strategyforimaginingandmanagingthethrea

11、tsofsocialchange”.Many critics have suggested that there is no clear distinctionbetweenrealismandnaturalism.But,oneroughdistinctionmadebycriticsisthatrealismagreesadeterministicphilosophyandfocusingonthelowerclasses.BackwardForwardRealism and Naturalism CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeign

12、Languages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE1.Theconceptofanaturalisticcharacter:a.Characters are conditioned and controlled by environment;buttheyaffirmtheirstruggleforlifebecomesheroicandtheymaintainhumandignity.b.TheNaturalistsattempttorepresentthemixtureofthecontrollingforces and i

13、ndividual worth.They do not dehumanize theircharacters.“现实主义”的概念最早出现于18世纪末，由德国的作家席勒最先使用这个名词，它最早并不是一个文学术语，到19世纪50年代，才在德国的文学领域广泛流传起来。韦勒克给它下的定义是“真实地描写客观现实”，也就是说要描写那些在现实生活中已经存在，或是按照客观规律可能存在的事的。BackwardForwardRealism and Naturalism CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND A

14、NTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE1 1 创作手法：前者主要是通过提炼现实而反映事物的本质创作手法：前者主要是通过提炼现实而反映事物的本质,力图揭示时代的特性力图揭示时代的特性和社会生活的真实面貌和社会生活的真实面貌,早期现实主义往往早期现实主义往往 “批判批判”，即使后期的魔幻现实主义，即使后期的魔幻现实主义也往往遵从也往往遵从“来源于生活且高于生活来源于生活且高于生活”的原则，即福楼拜所谓的的原则，即福楼拜所谓的“镜镜”式反映。式反映。而后者只是毫无思想倾向性的而后者只是毫无思想倾向性的“复制复制”,记录生活的表面现象记录生活的表面现象试验手法试验手法.但是但是

15、实验小说家对人物、事件、环境的选择和安排处处受主观的影响，在这种情况下实验小说家对人物、事件、环境的选择和安排处处受主观的影响，在这种情况下谈不上实验小说的科学性。谈不上实验小说的科学性。自然主义者反对对普遍的现实生活进行典型的概括，而主张仅仅自然主义者反对对普遍的现实生活进行典型的概括，而主张仅仅“让真实的人物让真实的人物在真实的环境里活动，给读者一个人类生活的片断在真实的环境里活动，给读者一个人类生活的片断”。在人物塑造方面，左拉指。在人物塑造方面，左拉指责现实主义者笔下的英雄人物是夸张的产物，是一种浪漫主义的表现，他提倡写责现实主义者笔下的英雄人物是夸张的产物，是一种浪漫主义的表现，他提

16、倡写平庸的人，写小人物。在故事情节方面，左拉认为平庸的人，写小人物。在故事情节方面，左拉认为“故事愈是平常而普通，愈是故事愈是平常而普通，愈是具有典型性具有典型性”。2 2 对待事物的态度：自然主义与现实主义一样偏重于描绘客观现实生活的精确的对待事物的态度：自然主义与现实主义一样偏重于描绘客观现实生活的精确的图画，但不同的是，现实主义认为倾向应当从场面和情节中自然而然地流露出来。图画，但不同的是，现实主义认为倾向应当从场面和情节中自然而然地流露出来。而自然主义则认为文学应当保持绝对的中立和客观。如左拉所说的：而自然主义则认为文学应当保持绝对的中立和客观。如左拉所说的：“我看见什我看见什么，我说

17、出来，我一句一句地记下来，仅限于此。么，我说出来，我一句一句地记下来，仅限于此。”自然主义不去深入地揭示自然主义不去深入地揭示事物的本质，势必削弱作品的思想内容。而在事物的本质，势必削弱作品的思想内容。而在“中立地中立地”描写客观现实时，因把描写客观现实时，因把握不住事物的内在联系，往往转向对事物的武断的解释。自然主义也是主观主义握不住事物的内在联系，往往转向对事物的武断的解释。自然主义也是主观主义的一种表现形式。的一种表现形式。Difference between Realism and NaturalismDifference between Realism and Naturalism

18、CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE3对待自然的态度：自然主义和现实主义都强调反映自然，但现实主义对待自然的态度：自然主义和现实主义都强调反映自然，但现实主义通过典型化手法所反映的是具有内在必然性的真实的自然，而自然主义通过典型化手法所反映的是具有内在必然性的真实的自然，而自然主义所反映的则是随便观察到的庸俗的自然。所反映的则是随便观察到的庸俗的自然。4文学的最高品质是什么？是文学的最高品质是什么？是“真真”，对于浪漫主义作

19、家来说，对于浪漫主义作家来说，“真真”就是真诚，而对于现实主义作家来说，就是真诚，而对于现实主义作家来说，“真真”就是真实。就是真实。现实主义最大的流派是批叛现实主义，而自然主义只是批叛现实主义在现实主义最大的流派是批叛现实主义，而自然主义只是批叛现实主义在法国的一个发展阶段。法国的一个发展阶段。CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATUREExitContinueMajor writers and Literary WorksWal

20、t Whitman(1819-1892)Emily Dickinson(1830-1886)CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATUREThe Literature of Realism 1:The civil war and the“Gilded AgeThe civil war and the“Gilded AgeLifeofWhitmanMainWorksLeavesofGrass(1855)SongofMyselfHisPo

21、sitionDifferencebetweenWhitmanandDickinson CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATURELife and Achievement(1)1)WaltWhitmanoweshisconsiderablefameinAmericaliteraryhistorytoasinglevolumeofpoetry,Leave of Grass,whichhefirstpublishedin1855(con

22、taining12poems)andhepaidforthebookspublication.Inthefinal,deathbededitionofLeavesofGrass(1891),therewere383titledpoems.CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE Life and Achievement(2)2)Walt Whitman was born on Long Island,New York.After

23、 he left school at eleven,he became,in turn,an office boy,a doctors helper,a journalist,a printer,an editor,and even once he taught in country school.He was influenced by the Transcendentalists.His poetry extends the Transcendentalists joy in nature to a love for humanity.CollegeofForeignLanguages,C

24、TGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATUREFree VerseFree verse is a poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure.Instead,it uses the rhythm of natural speech and alternates stressed and unstressed

25、syllables in a looser way.Whitmans poetry is an example of free verse at its most impressive.Although iy had been used before Whitman,it was Whitman who pioneered the form and made it acceptable in American poetry.CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF A

26、MERICAN LITERATUREBlank verse?Blankverseisunrhymedpoetry,wasadaptedbyItalianrenaissancewriters,itbecamethestandardformodramatists.ItwasbroughtintoEnglishliteraturebythepoetHenryHoward,andaccordingtoJohnMilton,onlyunrhymedversecouldgiveEnglishthedignityofacalssicallanguange.CollegeofForeignLanguages,

27、CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATUREHis WorksLeavesofGrass草叶集草叶集nineeditionsDrumTaps(1865)桴鼓集桴鼓集aboutcivilwarTwoRivulets(1876)两条小河两条小河-dedicationto100thanniversaryofUSDemocraticVistas(1870)民主的前景民主的前景-collectionofprose“SongofMyself”&“IHearAmericaSinging”“O,Ca

28、ptain!MyCaptain!”&“ISitandLookOut”CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATUREThe Theme of The Leaves of Grass The poet envisioned想象 the poet as a hero,a savior and a prophet先知,one who leads the community by its expression of the truth.The

29、central image is a leaf of grass,which symbolizes the vitality生命力 of life and growth.Whitman praises the ideals of equality and democracy and celebrates the dignity,the self-reliant spirit and the joy of the common man.CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY

30、 OF AMERICAN LITERATUREStyle and LanguageWhitman was a daring experimentalist.a.The use of the poetic I.Speaking in the voice of I,Whitman becomes all those people in his poems,and yet remains Walt Whitman,hence a discovery of the self in the other with such identification.b.The use of free verse.Wh

31、itman broke free from the traditional iambic pentameter and wrote free verse.Free verse is poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.A looser and more open-ended syntactical structure is frequently favored.c.The use of parallelism平行 and phonetic recurrence.d.The use of colorful words and v

32、ivid images.CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATUREO Captain!My Captain!OCAPTAIN!myCaptain!ourfearfultripisdone;Theshiphasweatherdeveryrack,theprizewesoughtiswon;Theportisnear,thebellsIhear,thepeopleallexulting,Whilefolloweyesthesteady

33、keel,thevesselgrimanddaring:ButOheart!heart!heart!Othebleedingdropsofred,WhereonthedeckmyCaptainlies,Fallencoldanddead.CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATUREOCaptain!myCaptain!riseupandhearthebells;Riseupforyoutheflagisflungforyoutheb

34、ugletrills;10Foryoubouquetsandribbondwreathsforyoutheshoresa-crowding;Foryoutheycall,theswayingmass,theireagerfacesturning;HereCaptain!dearfather!Thisarmbeneathyourhead;Itissomedreamthatonthedeck,15Youvefallencoldanddead.CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLO

35、GY OF AMERICAN LITERATUREMyCaptaindoesnotanswer,hislipsarepaleandstill;Myfatherdoesnotfeelmyarm,hehasnopulsenorwill;Theshipisanchordsafeandsound,itsvoyageclosedanddone;Fromfearfultrip,thevictorship,comesinwithobjectwon;20Exult,Oshores,andring,Obells!ButI,withmournfultread,WalkthedeckmyCaptainlies,Fa

36、llencoldanddead.CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATUREHis Position1)Whitmans great contribution to American literature is his use of free verse.His poetry added to the literary independence of the new nation by breaking free of the co

37、nvention of the iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom unknown before.2)His thought of democracy have been influential in world literature,and remain the inspiring source of 20th-century literature.4)Whitmans influence over modern poetry is great in the world as well as in America.CollegeofForei

38、gnLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATUREEmily DickinsonHer Life Her worksHer view and theme Her styleComments on her CollegeofForeignLanguages,CT

39、GUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATUREworksachievementsHer lifeWriting featureoutline CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATUREHer Life(1)1 In 1830 born in Calvinist family;2 influence by her father;

40、3 normal and vivacious girlhood;4 shy,sensitive,and sometimes rebellious;5 studied at Amherst Academy and Mount Holyoke Female Seminary;refused to observe its religious customs6 individualistic CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATUREHe

41、r Life(2)7settleddowntoanormalNewEnglandvillagelife;8stayedalmostallherlifeinthesamehouse;9remainedsingletotheendofherlife;10her2passionswerehergardenandherpoetry;11beganwritingpoetryduringhertwenties;121775poemsaltogether,ofwhichonly7appearedinprint.CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLan

42、guages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATUREBecause I could not stop for Death BecauseIcouldnotstopforDeath-Hekindlystoppedforme-TheCarriageheldbutjustOurselves-AndImmortality.Weslowlydrove-HeknewnohasteAndIhadputawayMylaborandmyleisuretoo,ForHisCivility-CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUColl

43、egeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE因为我不能够停下等死 因为我不能够停下等死因为我不能够停下等死他为我停下友善和气他为我停下友善和气四轮马车只载着我俩四轮马车只载着我俩和不死。和不死。我们慢慢驱车我们慢慢驱车他知道不急他知道不急而我也挥去了而我也挥去了我的工作和安逸，我的工作和安逸，缘他彬彬有礼缘他彬彬有礼 CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICA

44、N LITERATUREWepassedtheSchool,whereChildrenstroveAtRecess-intheRing-WepassedtheFieldsofGazingGrain-WepassedtheSettingSun-Orrather-Hepassedus-TheDewsdrewquiveringandchill-ForonlyGossamer,myGown-MyTippet-onlyTulle-CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AME

45、RICAN LITERATURE我们经过学校，值课间休息我们经过学校，值课间休息孩子们围成圆环孩子们围成圆环打逗游戏打逗游戏我们经过农田凝望五谷我们经过农田凝望五谷我们经过落日我们经过落日确切地说确切地说是他经过了我们是他经过了我们那露水引来了冷颤寒气那露水引来了冷颤寒气因我的女礼服因我的女礼服仅为纤细的薄纱织物仅为纤细的薄纱织物我的披肩我的披肩不过是绢网而已不过是绢网而已 CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATUREStudy Q

46、uestions on Because I could not stop for Death1.Whatmightthethreethingsthespeakerpassinstanza3represent?2.Isdeathareleasefromalifetimeofworkingandsuffering?3.Isitagatewayalastingpeaceinparadise?CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATUREWe

47、pausedbeforeaHousethatseemedASwellingoftheGround-TheRoofwasscarcelyvisible-TheCornice-intheGroundSincethen-tisCenturies-andyetFeelsshorterthantheDayIfirstsurmisedtheHorsesHeadsWeretowardEternity-ByEmilyDickinson CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AME

48、RICAN LITERATURE我们暂停于一幢建筑物前我们暂停于一幢建筑物前它看上去好似一片地面隆起它看上去好似一片地面隆起那屋顶几乎看不见那屋顶几乎看不见宛如飞檐装饰着大地宛如飞檐装饰着大地自那以后自那以后若干个世纪若干个世纪可还是感觉比那天短，可还是感觉比那天短，我的一次猜测到那马头我的一次猜测到那马头是朝向永恒之地是朝向永恒之地 CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATUREMain ideaUsingpersonificati

49、on,EmilyDickinsonportrayedDeathasagentleman.Thepoemisadramaticrepresentationofthepassageortripfromthisworldoflivingtotheafterlife.Theeventisametaphoricaluseofanactivity-aformalbutfriendlydriveinacarriageinthecountryofagentlemanandhisintendedlady.ThegentlemanisDeathhimself.Theladyistheimaginedpersono

50、fthepoet.Sheislookingbackuponhowlifehadbeenbeforeshecame.CollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUCollegeofForeignLanguages,CTGUHISTORY AND ANTHOLOGY OF AMERICAN LITERATUREHer view and theme 1)Herpoetryisaclearillustrationofherreligious-ethicalandpolitical-socialideas;2)Herbasictonewastragic;3)Herthemesconcern