考研基本功难句过关及笔记.doc

1、难句过关 硕士研究生英语入学考试阅读基本功难句过关说明:1. 序列号1.2.3.与考试虫难句过关一书相对应，若有缺号表明此句未收入，原因可能是太简单。2. 译文与原书不全相同，而是做了编者认为合理的改进。3. 符号表知识点。4. 符号表可能错误的原句翻译及解释，符号？疑问待解决。5. 符号表极难句。6. 序列号一、二、三、表编者自己插入的来自其它材料的难句翻译。序列号123表句子来源的材料。7. 每日更新，欢迎拍砖。第一部分 难句分类辨析第一章 定语从句定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等关系。1. Libraries made education possible

2、, and education in its turn added to libraries: the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound-interest law, which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing.解析：which修饰the growth of knowledge；compound-interest law在经济学上指复利法则。译文：图书馆的出现使得教育的发展成为可能，而教育的发展反过来有助于图书馆的发展壮大：知识的增长遵循了一种复利法则，由于印刷术的发

3、明，加速了知识的增长过程。2. If they can each be trusted to take such responsibilities, and to exercise such initiative as falls within their sphere, then administrative overhead will be low.解析：as引导的定语从句修饰such initiative；administrative overhead即为administration expense(管理费)。译文：如果他们每一个人都能予以信任来承担这样的责任，并在他们的管辖范围内发挥主

4、动性，那幺管理费用就会降低。3. There are probably no questions we can think up that cant be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness.解析：that从句修饰questions；we can think up也是定语从句修饰questions，但省略了that。译文：大概没有我们想得到却不能回答的问题，甚至包括意识的问题，这是迟早得事。原译文：迟早可能不存在我们想得出但解答不了得问题，甚至包括我们意识到的问题。4. The curtai

5、n was rung down in that phase of history, at least, by the sudden invention of the hydrogen bomb, of the ballistic missile and of rockets that can be aimed to hit the moon.解析：ring down the curtain是鸣铃闭幕的意思。译文：至少氢弹、弹道飞弹和登月火箭的出人意料的发明使得那个历史时期宣告结束了。5. Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have de

6、scribed the physiological mechanisms that allow the seals to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation that occurs during its longest dives, which can extend 500 meters below the oceans surface and last for over 70 minutes.解析：译文：对于Weddell海豹的实验室研究揭示了其处理在长时间潜泳时极度缺氧的生理机制，它可以到达海面以下500米，时间持续70分钟。6. The re

7、naissance of the feminist movement began during the 1950s led to the Stasist school, which sidestepped the good bad dichotomy and argued that frontier women lived lives similar to the lives of women in the East.解析：采用后置法将非限定性定语从句译成和主句并列的一个分句。译文：20世纪50年代女权主义运动的复兴产生了Stasist学派，这个学派回避好与坏的二分法，认为边境地区妇女和东部妇

8、女过着同样的生活。7. Tom, the books protagonist, took issue with a man who doted on his household pet yet, as a slave merchant, thought ”nothing of separating the husband from the wife, the parents from the children”.解析：dote on溺爱，think nothing of把看成不重要，take issue with与发生争执。译文：这本书的主角Tom与一个人发生了争执，此人虽然溺爱家中宠物，但作

9、为一个奴隶贩子，却认为“将丈夫和妻子、父母和孩子拆散算不了什幺。”8. We are not conscious of the extent to which work provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.解析：译文：我们不了解工作给人们提供的能把充实的生活和空虚的生活区分开来的心理满足的程度有多大。， 9. Thus, the unity that should characterize the strong system i

10、s developed by affording opportunity for diversity, which appears to be essential if education is to develop in consideration of the needs of children and youth.解析：which引导的非限定性定语从句修饰主句的diversity。译文：所以，强大的教育体系应具备统一性这一特点，统一性通过向多样性提供发展机会而发展。如果发展教育考虑了儿童和年轻人的需要，则这种多样性显得尤为重要。原译文：因此，强大的教育体系所应具备的统一性这一特点是通过提

11、供各种机会来达到的。如果发展教育要考虑儿童和青年的需要，多种机会就显得至关重要。10. Automobiles have been designed which operate on liquid hydrogen, but these systems give rise to seemingly unavoidable problems arising from the handling of a cryogenic liquid.解析译文：使用液氢燃料的汽车已经被设计出来了，但是这种系统引起了似乎不可避免的问题，即如何处理低温液体而引发的问题。13. Behaviorists sugges

12、t that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.解析：for appropriate responses是capacity的定语。译文：行为主义心理学家认为，如果儿童生长的环境存在许多刺激物促使其发展出合适的反应能力，那么这些儿童将会有更高的智力发育水平。14. While

13、 there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.解析：while在此引导让步状语从句。译文：尽管有多少历史学家，就差不多有多少种对历史学的定义，但是现代历史学家的实践多数趋向于这样一种定义，即历史学是旨在重现和解释过去重大的事

14、件的学科。15. While this boundary does not mark the outer limit of a States territory, since in international law the territorial sea forms part of a States territory, it does represent the demarcation between that maritime area (internal waters) where other States enjoy no general rights, and those mari

15、time areas (the territorial sea and other zones) where other States do enjoy certain general rights.解析：译文：尽管这条分界线并不能标识一个国家版图的外部界线，但是由于国际法规定领海是一个国家领土的一部分，因此它的确代表了两种海域的划分，一种是其它国家不享有一般权利的海域（内水域）；另一种是其它国家享有某些一般权利的海域（领海和其它区域）。16. He finds that students who were easy to teach because they succeeded in put

16、ting everything they had been taught into practice, hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside the scope of basic textbooks.解析：students who were easy to teach because they succeeded in putting everything (they had been taught into practi

17、ce), hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside the scope of basic textbooks黑体字为that从句主干，三层括号为从句结构分析。译文:：他发现，因为成功地将被教授的所有东西付诸实践，而被认为容易教的学生，在面对许多未接触过的英语词汇和惯用法时，变得左右为难了，因为这些是基本教材范围之外的东西。17. The reader who peruses with some attention the fo

18、llowing pages will have occasion to see that both operational and mental aspects of physics have their place, but that neither should be stressed to the exclusion of the other.解析：to the exclusion of把除外，have occasion有的理由，有必要。译文：读者如果稍稍用心细读以下几页就有理由认为，无论是实验操作还是思维在物理学中都具有一定地位，因此不能厚此薄彼。18. The public is u

19、nhappy about the way society is going, and its view, fueled in part by the agendists and the media, seems to be that judicial decisions unacceptable to them, regardless of the evidence or the law, will slow or change social directions.解析；由and连接的并列句。society is going是way的定语从句，意思是“社会发展的方向”。 its view即th

20、e publics view，其谓语动词是seems。agendist意为“议事人士”但词典找不到这个单词，不知是否新词。译文：公众对于社会发展的前景不乐观，并且部分地由于议事人士和新闻媒体的鼓动，公众的观点似乎是：不管证据或法律，司法判决不可接受，这些判决将延缓社会发展或改变社会发展方向。原译文：公众对于社会发展的前景不乐观，在议事人士和新闻媒体的某种鼓动下，公众的观点似乎是：不管证据或法律，司法判决对他们来说是不可接受的，这些判决将会延缓或者改变社会走向。19. But I would like to do the same with the acclaim too, by using t

21、his moment as a pinnacle from which I might be listened to by the young men and women already dedicated to the same anguish and travail, among whom is already that one who will some day stand here where I am standing.解析：would like to愿意, 意欲。to do the same指颁奖。from whichtravail定语从句修饰pinnacle。句子结构分析the

22、young men and women among whom is already that one who will some day stand here (where I am standing)。翻译该句不仅要注意断句拆译，而且要重组译文。句子开头部分应该是But I would like to use this moment to。do the same with the acclaim应该意译。再者，前面讲用欢呼来颁奖，颁给谁呢？显然是那些正在聆听他演讲的the young men and women already dedicated to the same anguish an

23、d travail, 这一部分也应该意译。among whom standing定语从句应该从主句切开，译成一个独立的句子。译文：但是我愿意利用这个时刻，利用这个举世瞩目的讲坛，向那些聆听我的演讲并已献身于同一艰苦劳动的男女青年致敬。他们当中肯定有人迟早也会站到我现在所站的地方。评论：很过瘾的一句难句。20. The samples should preferably be taken from points in the rig where the flow is turbulent so that the contaminant is kept well mixed in the oil.

24、解析：where定语从句修饰points.译文：最好在试验台存在紊流的那些部位获取试样，这样取样的污染物在油中是均匀混合的。21. Our hope for creative living in this world house that we have inherited lies in our ability to re-establish the moral ends of our lives in personal character and social justice.解析：Our hope lies in是句子主干。to establish A in B意思是“把A建立在B上”。

25、译文：我们希望富有创造性地生活在我们继承的这个世界大家庭中，这种希望的实现依靠我们重建人类个性和社会公正方面的生活道德目标的能力。22. From the very day of the capitulation, by which Bismarks prisoners had signed the surrender of France but reserved to themselves a numerous bodyguard for the express purpose of cowing Paris, Paris stood on the watch.解析：by which修饰ca

26、pitulation。Prisoner此处指投降的法国政府。译文：从法国投降那天起，巴黎就严加戒备，因为屈从于俾斯麦的法国政府签订投降书时，保留了一支相当庞大的军队，显然是为了威吓巴黎。way后面的定语从句通常要用in which引导，也可以省去，如the way my mother did(像妈妈那样)25. Between midnight and dawn, when sleep will not come and all the old wounds begin to ache, I often have a nightmare vision of a future world in

27、which there are billions of people, all numbered and registered, with not a gleam of genius anywhere, not an original mind, a rich personality, on the whole packed globe.解析：译文：在午夜和黎明之间，当我无法入睡并且所有的旧伤开始作痛时，我经常想象未来世界恶梦一般的景象，在所有登记入册的亿万人民生活的这个拥挤不堪的世界上，没有一处有一线天才的光芒，独创性的头脑和丰富多彩的个性。31. To us, a winner is on

28、e who responds authentically by being credible, trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society.解析：译文：据我们理解，一个成功者既代表他自己又是社会的一份子，他的真实表现是可靠、可信、机敏、真诚。33. Americans who stem from generations which left their old people behind and never close their parents eyelids

29、 in death, and who have experienced the death provided by two world wars fought far from our shores are today pushing away from them both a recognition of death and a recognition of the way we live our lives.解析：stem from出自,来源于,发生于。译文：上溯到美国人的先辈，他们都有撇下老人、不能为他们死去的父母合上眼睑的痛楚。而如今的美国人在体验了远离我们大陆的两次世界大战造成的死亡

30、以后，不论是对死亡的认识，还是对我们的生活方式的认识，都一概不在意了。评论：过于讲究翻译技巧，编者认为不必太在意这个技巧，理解意思即可。1As可以引导定语从句，并且可以做从句主语，但它一般要求与such、as、so连用，如：They returned with coffee, wine, and such provisions as were needed.他们带着咖啡、葡萄酒以及所需的给养回来了。He is willing to answer as many questions as may be raised.他愿意回答可能提出的所有问题。He can tell so interestin

31、g a story as moves us to tears.他能讲把我们感动得流泪得故事。35. Certainly the humanist thinkers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, who are our ideological ancestors, thought that the goal of life was the unfolding of a persons potentialities; what mattered to them was the person who is much, not the one

32、who has much or uses much.解析：译文：当然，18世纪和19世纪的人文主义思想家作为我们意识形态的先驱，认为生活的目的就是充分展示个人潜力，对于他们来说，重要的是一个人本身的价值，而不是占有和使用。36. How much easier, how much more satisfying it is for you who can see to grasp quickly the essential qualities of another person by watching the subtleties of expression, the quiver of a

33、muscle, the flutter of a hand.解析：How much easier, how much more satisfying it is for you to do是感叹句。形式主语it代替to grasp。定语从句who can see修饰you。译文：对于你们能用眼睛观察事物的人来说，通过观察人们微妙的表情、颤动的肌肉和挥动的手势，就能迅速捕捉到一个人的基本特征，该是十分容易和更令人满足的事情。37. Her woebegone expression, her hang-dong manner, her over-anxiousness to please, or

34、perhaps her unconscious hostility towards those she anticipated will affront herall act to drive away those whom she would attract.解析：woebegone愁眉苦脸的，hang-dog可耻的，自觉有罪的，译文：她本来可以吸引很多人的，但是她愁眉苦脸的表情、自觉有罪的样子和急于讨好别人的举动，或者也许是她以为别人会有意使她难堪而产生的下意识的敌意，往往把人吓跑。38. There is a very long list of such “perhapses”, few

35、 of which we are in a position to evaluate with any degree of assurance.解析：in a position to=able to; in the right place to意为“处于可以做的地位，能够”译文：我们可以将这类“也许”列一张长长的单子，其中，我们能够有把握加以评估的却很少。39. If marriage exists only as an intimate relationship that can be terminated at will, and family exists only by virtue

36、of bonds of affection, both marriage and family are relegated to the marketplace of trading places, with individuals maximising their psychological capital by moving through a series of more or less satisfying intimate relationships.解析：译文：如果婚姻只是一种可以任意终结的亲密关系，家庭仅仅靠爱情的纽带维持，那幺婚姻和家庭则沦为可以自由买卖的市场，每个人都可以穿梭

37、于一系列或多或少令人满意的亲密关系，从而使自己的心理资本得到最大的增值。whereby引导的定语从句，whereby作关系副词用，相当于by which。There is a way whereby the held hostage can be saved.2有一个办法可以使那些被扣的人质获救。Methods of energy transfer are methods whereby the energy of a system may be increased or decreased.2能量传递的方法就是使一个系统的能量可以增加或减少的方法。Aesthetics must theref

38、ore cast its net more widely than the study either of beauty or of other aesthetic concepts if it is to discover the principles whereby it is to be defined.3如果说是为了发现用来给美学下定义的基本原则的话，美学必须研究更广泛的东西，而不仅是美丽或者是其它的美学概念，。第二章 倒装句为了强调句子某一部分，或者为了保持句子平衡常采用倒装。 倒装分类：分类一主谓倒装完全倒装部分倒装：只将谓语的一部分，通常是助动词或情态动词，置于主语之前非主谓倒装

39、：只是将强调部分前置，主谓不倒装，目的为了保持句子平衡，或是为了强调分类二（根据结构和修辞）让步倒装假设倒装比较倒装条件倒装等分类三语法倒装：由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装，倒装是必须的，否则会出现语法错误。修辞倒装：由于修辞需要而进行的倒装，倒装是选择性的，倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异1. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up u

40、nder more favorable circumstances.解析：在正式文体中，可以将虚拟条件句中的连词if省略，而将were、had、should等助动词提到主语前面。本句中had hecircumstances属于语法倒装和部分倒装，正常的语序为if he had grown up。译文：举例来说，它们（指测试）并不能弥补社会不公，因此不能说明一个贫困青年，要是成长于更为有利的环境，会有多大才干。2. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterd

41、ays “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.解析：so did bigger crops of babies属于语法倒装。用so代替前述肯定句谓语部分所述情况，而这种情况同时也适用于后述主语时，应将so置于句首，并采用倒装语序。译文：不间断的移民风潮也起了作用，而且随着昔日出生于“生育高峰期”的一代人到了生育年龄，婴儿的出生数量增加了，这同样起了作用。3. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, wha

42、tever the job.解析：Much as I have traveled是由as引导的让步状语从句，相当于Though I have traveled much，但语气比后者强。这种状语从句要求采用部分倒装，即把表语、状语或实意动词提到主语之前。再如：Try as she might，Sue couldnt get the door open.译文：我虽然见多识广，但还从未见过比她细心的人，不管职业是什幺。4. Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some

43、 respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and some astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.解析：though引导的让步状语从句，有时也会出现和as引导的让步状语从句相同的语序倒装现象，而且同样含有强调的意味。译文：宇宙膨胀理论尽管听起来奇怪，但它是基本粒子物理学的一些公认理论推论二来，从科学角度看有其可信度，而且一些天体物理学家七八年来一直确信这一论说是正确的。5. Only when you have

44、 acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly.解析：句首状语如果由only+副词、only+介词词组或only+状语从句构成，也会引起部分倒装。这种状语如果不在句首，则用正常语序。虽然only位于句首，但修饰的是主语而不是状语时，也不用倒装。如果only+宾语位于句首时，主谓语的部分倒装是随意的，即主语和谓语既可以采用正常语序，也可以采用倒装语序。如：1）Only his mother he will obey.他只服从他母亲。2）Only one more point will I make.只是还有一点我要说一说

45、。译文：只有很好地掌握了语法知识，写出的东西才正确。6. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.解析：当句首状语为否定副词或含有否定词的词语时，一般引起部分倒装。本句使用否定副词nowhere。译文：1980年哪里的人口普查统计资料也不如远西地区的更能生动说明美国人对宽敞的生活环境的追求。7. In no country other than Britain, it has been said, can one e

46、xperience four seasons in the course of a single day.解析：以含有no的词组作状语开头，采用部分倒装。注意比较下列两句In no time we cleared the table.我们很快便把桌子收拾好了。At no time was the President aware of what was happening.总统决不知道正在发生的事情。第一句的no并不是否定句子，而是否定状语，也就是说，这类句子时肯定句，所以主谓无需倒装。而后者否定的是句子，所以主谓部分倒装。译文：据说，除了在英国，在哪个国家一天之内也经历不了四个季节。8. We

47、 have been told that under no circumstances may we use the telephone in the office for personal affairs.解析：含有否定词no的词组位于宾语从句句首，充当其状语，所以宾语从句部分倒装。在形式上对名词、代词和副词进行的否定，在翻译时一般要变成对动词的否定。译文：我们被告知，在任何情况下我们都不能使用办公电话办私事。9. Not since Americans crossed the continent in covered wagons have they exercised and diete

48、d as vigorously as they are doing today.解析：以否定词not接since引导的状语从句开头，所以发生部分倒装现象。正常语序为Since Americans crossed the continent in covered wagons， they have not exercised and dieted as vigorously as they are doing today.译文：自从美国人坐着大篷车横穿大陆以来，他们还没有哪个时期像今天这样起劲地锻炼和节食。10. Not until these fundamental subjects were sufficiently advanced was it possible to solve the main problems of flight mechanics.