WirelessInternetandMobileComputingInteroperabilityandPerformance(InformationandCommunicationTechnologySerie.PDF

1、WIRELESS INTERNET AND MOBILE COMPUTING Interoperability and Performance Yu-Kwong Ricky Kwok Colorado State University Vincent K.N.Lau The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology IEEE IEEE PRESS B I C E N T E N N I A L WILEY WILEY-:2 0 0 7 ;:ur B I C E N T E N N I A L INTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY

2、&SONS,INC.,PUBLICATION This Page Intentionally Left BlankWIRELESS INTERNET AND MOBILE COMPUTING B I C E N T E N N I A I I I.1 8 0 7 1 E WLEY 3 2 0 0 7 ;u B I C E N T I N I I A L THE WILEY BICENTENNIAL-KNOWLEDGE FOR GENERATIONS G a c h generation has its unique needs and aspirations.When Charles Wile

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7、hen and where you need it!c-4 *WILLIAM J.PESCE PETER BOOTH WILEV PRESIDENT AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD WIRELESS INTERNET AND MOBILE COMPUTING Interoperability and Performance Yu-Kwong Ricky Kwok Colorado State University Vincent K.N.Lau The Hong Kong University of Science and T

8、echnology IEEE IEEE PRESS B I C E N T E N N I A L WILEY WILEY-:2 0 0 7 ;:ur B I C E N T E N N I A L INTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY&SONS,INC.,PUBLICATION Copyright 0 2007 by John Wiley&Sons,Inc.All rights reserved.Published by John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,New Jersey.Published simultaneously in Canada.No p

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15、may not be available in electronic format.For information about Wiley products,visit our web site at .Wiley Bicentennial Logo:Richard J.Pacific0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:Kwok,Yu-Kwong Ricky.Yu Kwong Ricky Kwok and Vincent Lau.Wireless Internet and mobile computing:interoper

16、ability and performance/p.cm.ISBN 978-0-471-67968-4(cloth)1.Wireless communication systems.2.Mobile computing.3.Intemetworking(Telecommunication)I.Lau,Vincent K.N.11.Title.TK5103.2.K95 2007 621.382-dc22 2007001709 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To our wives and kids:Fio

17、n,Harold,AmbeK Elvina,and Sze-Chun This Page Intentionally Left BlankCONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments Acronyms PART I ESSENTIALS OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS The Mobile Radio Propagation Channel 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Large Scale Path-loss 1.3 Shadowing Effects 1.4 1.5 Practical Considerations 1.6 Summa

18、ry Problems Small Scale Multipath Fading Effects Modulation Techniques xvii xxix xxxi 1 1 3 6 7 13 16 16 19 vii Viii CONTENTS 2.1 Introduction 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Performance and Tradeoffs 2.6 Practical Illustrations:Digital Modulation 2.7 Summary Problems Signal Space and Geometric Representation of Si

19、gnals Modulation Design and Signal Constellations Demodulation Design and Optimal Detection in AWGN Channels 3 Multiuser Communications 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Information Theoretic Overview 3.3 Orthogonal Resource Partitioning 3.4 Non-Orthogonal Resource Partitioning 3.5 Spectral Efficiency and Perfor

20、mance Issues 3.6 Practical Illustrations:GSM,CDMA and Wireless LAN 3.7 Summary Problems 4 Diversity Techniques 4.1 Introduction 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Equalization*4.6 Practical Illustration:RAKE Receiver 4.7 Summary Problems Effects of Flat Fading on BER Performance Effects of Frequency Selective Fading o

21、n BER Performance Diversity:A Key Technique to Combat Flat Fading Channels PART II CELLULAR WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES 5 Overview and Evolution of Cellular Technologies 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Evolution of Cellular Systems 5.3 5.4 Summary Technical Challenges to Realize 3G Services 19 21 25 28 34 38 44 45 4

22、7 47 49 54 65 73 81 85 86 87 87 88 89 90 98 101 105 106 111 111 113 121 131 CONTENTS ix Problems 132 6 CDMA(IS-95)133 133 134 136 140 154 164 173 174 6.1 Introduction 6.2 System Architecture of IS95 6.3 6.4 Call Processing 6.5 Power Control 6.6 Soft Handover 6.7 Summary Problems Physical Layer and P

23、hysical Channels 7 GSM 7.1 Introduction 7.2 GSM System Architecture 7.3 GPRS System Architecture 7.4 Radio Interface 7.5 7.6 Summary Problems Core Network Interface and Services 8 Wideband CDMA and Beyond 8.1 Introduction 8.2 UMTS Architecture 8.3 Packet Switched Connections in UMTS(Re1 99)8.3 Packe

24、t Scheduling in HSDPA(Re1 5)8.5 Summary Problems PART 111 SHORT-RANGE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES 9 IEEE 802.11 WLAN Standards 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Design Goals 9.3 IEEE 802 Architecture 9.4 IEEE 802.1 1 MAC Layer 175 175 176 179 184 194 216 217 21 9 219 22 1 243 247 254 255 259 259 260 260 264 X CONTENTS

25、 9.5 IEEE 802.11 Physical Layers 9.6 9.7 Advanced Developments 9.8 Practical Illustration:Home Network 9.9 Summary Problems IEEE 802.1 le for QoS Provisioning 10 Bluetooth WPAN 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 Introduction Design Goals Bluetooth Protocol Stack Bluetooth Physical and MAC Layer

26、s Piconets and Scatternets Performance Issues Practical Illustration:Sensor Network Summary Problems 11 Coexistence issues 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10 Introduction The ISM Band Spectrum Packet Collision Possible Solutions IEEE 802.15 TG2 Interference Source Oriented Adaptive F

27、requency Hopping Interference Source Oriented Master Delay MAC Scheduling Performance Issues Practical Illustration:Bluetooth and Wi-Fi Colocate Transmissions Summary Problems 12 Competing Technologies 12.1 Introduction 12.2 IrDA 12.3 HomeRF 272 277 279 282 283 284 285 285 286 287 292 296 303 304 30

28、5 307 309 309 310 311 313 318 320 322 322 3 24 327 328 329 329 33 1 338 CONTENTS xi 12.4 HIPERLAN 343 12.5 Practical Illustrations-Implementation of HIPERLAN 352 12.6 Summary 354 Problems 355 PROTOCOL ADAPTATIONS FOR WIRELESS NETWORKING PART IV 13 Mobile IP 359 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 14

29、IPv6 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 Introduction Advertisement Mechanisms Registration Tunneling Approaches Route Optimizations Practic a1 Illustr ations-Hierarchic a1 Mobility Management Summary Problems Introduction Design Goals Mobility Support Home Agents Discovery Practical Illustrations-IPv6 Ba

30、sed VTHD Network Summary Problems 15 Wireless Application Protocol(WAP)15.1 Introduction 15.2 WAP Service Model 15.3 WAP System Architecture 15.4 WAP Protocol Stack 15.5 WAP Profiles and Caching 15.6 Practical Illustrations-Location-Aware Advertising System 15.7 Summary Problems 359 360 363 368 369

31、372 313 373 377 377 378 387 3 89 390 3 94 3 94 395 395 396 400 403 407 410 412 412 16 TCP over Wireless 41 3 xii CONTENTS 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 Introduction TCP Congestion and Error Control Deficiencies and Overview of Solutions Link Layer Approaches Split Connection Approaches End

32、-to-End Approaches Practical Illustrations-Wireless WAN Summary Problems PART V WIRELESS RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 17 Wireless Packet Scheduling 17.1 Introduction 17.2 The Scheduling Problem 17.3 System Model 17.4 Fairness Notions 17.5 Fair Queueing Approaches 17.6 Practical Illustrations-HSDPA 17.7 Summ

33、ary Problems 18 Power Management 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Characterization of Power Consumption 18.3 Power Conservation Schemes 18.4 Performance Issues 18.5 Practical Illustrations-The pcMAC Scheme 18.6 Summary Problems 19 Ad Hoc Routing 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Application Scenarios 19.3 System Model 1

34、9.4 Performance Metrics 19.5 Routing Protocols 413 414 418 419 422 425 427 429 430 433 433 434 437 444 449 453 45 3 454 455 455 456 458 468 470 472 47 3 475 475 477 478 480 482 CONTENTS xiii 19.6 Practical Illustrations-WLAN Based Ad Hoc Routing 19.7 Summary Problems 20 Wireless Data Caching 20.1 In

35、troduction 20.2 Application Scenarios 20.3 System Architecture 20.4 Performance Metrics 20.5 Data Caching Approaches 20.6 Practical Illustrations-Proactive Key Caching 20.7 Summary Problems 21 Security Issues 2 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Security Considerations 2 1.3 Cellular Wireless Security 2 1.4 Sho

36、rt-Range Wireless Security 2 1.5 Practical Illustrations-Wireless LAN Security Auditing 21.6 Summary Problems PART VI MOBILE COMPUTING APPLICATIONS 22 VolP on Wireless 22.1 Introduction 22.2 iGSM VoIP Approach 22.3 iGSM System Architecture 22.4 iGSM Call Processing 22.5 Practical Illustrations-Probl

37、ems and Solutions for VoIP over IEEE 802.1 1 72.6 Summary Problems 497 499 500 501 50 1 502 504 506 507 517 518 518 51 9 519 52 1 522 529 538 540 54 1 545 545 546 547 548 556 560 560 23 Wireless Video 561 xiv CONTENTS 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Real-Time Service Goals 23.3 System Constraints 23.4 Error

38、Concealment Techniques 23.5 Joint Source Channel Coding Techniques 23.6 Practical Illustrations-Rate Adaptation for MPEG-4 Video 23.7 Summary Problems 24 Wireless File Systems 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.7 24.8 Introduction File System Service Model General Principles for the Design of a Distri

39、buted File System Replication Services and Mechanisms Disconnected Operations and Caching Weakly Connected Operations Practical Illustrations-Mobile Distributed Database Summary Problems 25 Location Dependent Services 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Mobile Location Service Model 25.3 Spatial Analysis Techniq

40、ues 25.4 Mobile Positioning Techniques 25.5 Practical Illustrations-The Cricket Location Support System 25.6 Summary Problems 26 Trust Bootstrapping in Wireless Sensor Networks 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Key Predistribution 26.3 26.4 Key Establishment 26.5 Discussions and Future Work 26.6 Summary Key Pr

41、edistribution with Deployment Knowledge 56 1 562 563 563 573 574 575 577 579 579 580 582 582 5 84 588 590 595 595 597 597 598 600 604 608 613 613 61 5 615 619 625 630 642 643 CONTENTS XV Problems 643 27 Peer-to-Peer Computing over Wireless 27.1 Introduction 27.2 27.3 Wired P2P Systems 27.4 27.5 Medi

42、a Objects Replication Techniques 27.6 Practical Illustrations-Localized Topology Control 27.7 Summary Problems A Taxonomy of P2P Systems Topology Control in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks 28 Incentives in Peer-to-Peer Computing 28.1 Introduction 28.2 28.3 28.4 Discussion and Future Work 28.5 Summary Probl

43、ems Incentive Issues in P2P Systems over the Internet Incentive Issues in Wireless P2P Systems Appendix A:Optimality of Minimum Distance Decoder 645 645 646 647 65 1 654 655 66 1 66 1 663 663 667 688 693 69 5 695 697 References 70 1 Topic Index 725 This Page Intentionally Left BlankPREFACE The Theme

44、:The all-mighty Internet has extended its reach to the wireless realm.With this exciting development,we have an ambitious goal in this book-to help the reader to build up sound technical understanding of what is going on in a large-scale net-working system as depicted graphically in Figure 0.1.Using

45、 a bottom-up approach,we would like the reader to understand how it is feasible,for instance,for a cellular device user(top left comer in the figure)to communicate,via the all-purpose TCP/IP protocols,with a wireless notebook computer user(bottom left comer in the figure),traversing all the way thro

46、ugh a base station in a cellular wireless network(e.g.,GSM,CDMA),a public switched telephone network(PSTN),the Internet,an intranet,a lo-cal area network(LAN),and a wireless LAN access point.In traveling through this long path.the information bits are processed by numerous disparate communication te

47、chnologies(in slightly more technical terms,processed by many different protocol stacks and wireless air interfaces).We also describe the technologies involved in infrastructureless(i.e.,ad hoc)wireless networks(the bottom right comer in the fig-ure).which are widely envisioned to be the most popula

48、r form of mobile computing infrastructure.pertaining to many interesting applications:most notably,wireless network games.Our focus is on how these distinctive technologies can work together xvii xviii PREFACE 8 TCPiIP,connection a F-t.i I Gateway Telephone Network Gateway Internet CelluluGwork Web

49、Serves Figure 0.1 The Internet extends into the wireless realm.through various adaptation methods.Specifically,throughout this book we use two major technical challenges to delineate and motivate our discussion-interoperability and performance.We believe that interoperability is the very first conce

50、rn in integrating so many different components to realize a seamless communication path for users with dis-parate wireless devices.Indeed,many interesting features of intelligent communi-cation technologies emerge out of the need to address the interoperability issues.Performance is another major ch